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Fig. 3. Recognition of SGLT1 on the surface of intact cells by an AFM tip carrying an epitopespecific antibody (PAN3-2). (a) Schematic representation of a force-distance cycle. The tip was moved toward the cell surface (dotted line, 12) and subsequently retracted (solid line) at a constant lateral position. During tip approach, the antibody forms a complex with an antigen that leads to a force signal with a distinct shape (3) during tip retraction. The force increases until dissociation occurs (4) at an unbinding force (fu). (b) Force curve showing specific interaction between the antibody and SGLT1 upon tipsurface retraction. The specific interaction is blocked by injecting free PAN3-2 antibodies in the solution (inset). (c) Quantitative comparison of binding probabilities of PAN3-2-coated tips on G6D3 (gray) and CHO cells (black) in the absence or presence of free PAN 3-2 in the medium. Values are mean ± s.e.m., n=2000-4000; P<0.005 compared with levels in the control group (unblocked). (d) Probability density function (pdf) giving the distribution of the unbinding force (fu) of PAN3-2 to SGLT1 (n=1000).