|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents | |||||
First published online 1 August 2006
doi: 10.1242/jcs.03067
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Research Article |
vß5 integrin
1 Institute of Genetics and Biophysics `Adriano Buzzati-Traverso', National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
2 Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute of Naples, Via M. Semmola, Naples, Italy
3 Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
4 Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
Author for correspondence (e-mail: stoppell{at}igb.cnr.it)
Accepted 25 May 2006
 |
Summary |
|---|
 Top Summary IntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
vß5. Remarkably, a peptide corresponding to this region (CPp, residues 135-158) retains the ability to bind to vß5, eliciting cytoskeletal rearrangements and directing cell migration at a concentration as low as 1-10 pM. These effects are lost in cells not expressing uPAR, indicating that the uPAR is required for CPp-dependent signaling. Furthermore, the CPp-vß5-integrin interaction enhances F-actin-enriched protrusions and cell migration induced by the well-established interaction between the uPAR-binding peptide (GFDp, residues 12-32) of uPA and uPAR. These results provide new insight into the function of uPA, which - through individual domains - can engage two different surface receptors (uPAR and vß5 integrin), thus initiating and potentiating intracellular signaling and migration.
Key words: uPA, uPAR signaling, Cytoskeleton
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopSummaryIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
). This complex process requires the coupling of extracellular signals with the internal signaling machinery that controls cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesion. In vivo, 3D migration is facilitated by controlled enzymatic cleavage of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by metalloproteinases and plasminogen activators (Chang and Werb, 2001).
Urokinase (uPA), a serine protease originally identified for its plasmin-generating capacity and its, thus indirect, fibrin and ECM-degrading function (Dano et al., 1985), has also been shown to posses motogen activity. Its dual function in enhancing migration while lowering the physical resistance of ECM underlies the rate-limiting nature of this factor in tumor invasion and metastasis (Andreasen et al., 1997). This multidomain protease consists of two disulfide-bridge-linked polypeptide chains: the N-terminal polypeptide containing a uPA growth-factor-like domain (GFD; residues 1-49), a kringle domain (residues 50-131) and a linker or `connecting peptide' region (CP; residues 132-158) extending to the Lys158-Ile159 pro-enzyme activation site and a large C-terminal, serine protease polypeptide (residues 159-411). Urokinase has the catalytically independent ability to elicit a dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion to the extracellular matrix, through the Rho family small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins and downstream mediators, such as ERK1/2 serine kinases (Jo et al., 2002). Urokinase-dependent signaling leading to MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell migration involves disruption of the interaction between ß1 integrins and N-WASP, which subsequently translocates to the actin cytoskeleton (Sturge et al., 2002). In monocyte-like cells, expression of the Src family kinase p56/59hck, in the constitutively active or kinase-inactive forms, prevents urokinase-dependent induction of adhesion or motility, indicating that a specific activation state of p56/59hck is required for each cell response (Chiaradonna et al., 1999). The phosphorylation state of uPA has been shown to be important in the regulation of cell motility, because phosphorylated uPA is unable to convey a stimulatory signal for cell migration (Franco et al., 1997).
The majority of the uPA-dependent signaling effects are mediated by uPA binding, through the growth-factor domain (GFD), to the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell-surface urokinase receptor (uPAR) (Vassalli et al., 1985; Stoppelli et al., 1986; Appella et al., 1987; Geiger et al., 2001). The uPAR belongs to the Ly-6 protein family and contains three domains (D1 to D3) that are homologous to CD59, Ly6E and -neurotoxins (Blasi and Carmeliet, 2002). Increasing evidence shows that uPAR signals by forming associations with transmembrane receptors like the G-protein-coupled receptor FPRL1 (formyl peptide receptor 1), integrins such as 5ß1, vß3, vß5, Mß2, CD11b/CD18 and the rafts-associated caveolin (Ossowski and Aguirre Ghiso, 2000). The uPAR ability to modify integrin activity as well as integrin-dependent signaling implies that it is a cis-acting integrin regulator (Wei et al., 1996; Aguirre Ghiso et al., 1999; Carriero et al., 1999). Also, the uPAR has been reported to be a true integrin ligand (Tarui et al., 2001). A direct uPAR-Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) interaction was shown by the use of a 25 amino-acid-long peptide, which disrupts physical association and signaling (Simon et al., 2000). The D1 domain of uPAR is required for the association of uPAR with integrin, and signaling (Liu et al., 2002; Montuori et al., 2002). At least in one case, the uPAR-integrin interaction site has been mapped within the 5 propeller (residues 242-246) of 5ß1 integrin (Wei et al., 2005; Simon et al., 2000) and within domain III of uPAR (Chaurasia et al., 2006).
Although, the precise molecular interactions leading to complex formation between uPAR and integrins, and to the initiation of signaling are still unclear, there is strong evidence that supports the existence of such interactions. Of interest to the current study is the association of uPAR with vß5 integrin, which is increased by the amino-terminal fragment (ATF; residues 1-135 of the human uPA sequence) binding to uPAR (Carriero et al., 1999). Moreover, vß5 protein levels are upregulated by uPAR engagement (Silvestri et al., 2002), suggesting some interdependence of these two receptors.
We previously showed that a proportion of uPA can become phosphorylated on two serine residues, one of which (Ser138) resides in the CP region of uPA, and that this modification abolishes its ability to induce cell migration and cytoskeletal rearrangements (Franco et al., 1997; Carriero et al., 2002). Furthermore, the fact that phosphorylation or substitution of Ser138 with glutamic acid does not change the binding affinity, yet inhibits migration, of uPA to uPAR through the classic GFD, suggests that the CP region, centered around Ser138, plays an important regulatory function. In this article, we map the uPA region involved in a new functional cooperation with the uPAR-binding GFD and identify the integrin that participates in this interaction. Taken together, the data highlight the simultaneous concurrent interaction of individual uPA domains with two distinct surface receptors, leading to a full uPAR-dependent cell migration.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopSummaryIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
; Franco et al., 1998). We have now focused on the role of the CP region (residues 132-158) in the uPA-dependent signaling.
GFD-independent effects of uPA on cell migration
In an effort to characterize the role of the CP region and its functional relationship with the growth-factor-domain (GFD), several uPA variants were generated. Histidine-tagged wild-type human uPA (His-uPA) and a 
GFa variant carrying the deletion of the uPAR-binding region (amino acids 9-45) were obtained as histidine-tagged pro-enzymes (Fig. 1A), and characterized by their ability to activate plasminogen and interact with uPAR. Once activated, both products retained enzymatic activity (data not shown) and, as expected, only His-uPA retained the ability to bind to uPAR. Competition-binding assays of 125I-His-uPA to U937 cells - which express uPAR (Stoppelli et al., 1985) - show that His-uPA competes efficiently for binding to uPAR, whereas the GFa variant, which lacks residues 9-45, does not (Fig. 1B). It is noteworthy that 90-95% of His-uPA and GFa are still in the single-chain form, even at the end of incubation (data not shown).
|
GFa was able to induce migration and whether uPAR expression was required, parental human embryonic HEK-293 cells that do not express detectable uPAR (Montuori et al., 2002) were stably transfected with pcDNA3-uPAR, and two clones with approximately 3x103 uPAR/cell (HEK-293/uPAR-12) and 3.5x105 uPAR/cell (HEK-293/uPAR-25) were isolated. The relative uPAR expression level determined by western blot analysis is shown in Fig. 1C. In agreement with existing literature, His-uPA induced migration only in uPAR-bearing HEK-293 cells (Fig. 1D). Importantly, in agreement with our previous data that suggested a chemotactic function for the CP region, the GFa was able to induce HEK-293/uPAR-12, HEK-293/uPAR-25 and monocyte-like U937 cell migration (Fig. 1D). It is noteworthy that in uPAR-lacking cells, GFa and His-uPA were slightly inhibitory rather than eliciting migration, (Fig. 1D).
To further analyse the effect of uPAR engagement on chemotaxis, we employed a peptide that corresponds to residues 12-32 of human uPA (GFDp, Fig. 1A) and had been shown to be the minimal requirement for receptor binding. This peptide has a Kd value of 40 nM for uPAR (Appella et al., 1987). To directly compare the extent of migration induced by GFDp and GFa, HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of the two effectors. As expected, binding of GFDp to uPAR was followed by a dose-dependent enhancement of cell migration, with optimal effect being observed at 
100 pM (Fig. 1E). Surprisingly, the dose-dependence of GFa was slightly less, with peak activity reached at 10 pM (Fig. 1E). The equimolar mixture of GFDp and GFa produced a somewhat stronger motogenic effect than the individual proteins and the effect extended over a wide concentration range, suggesting cooperation between GFD and a domain in the GFa protein.
Specific uPAR-independent binding of uPA to vß5 integrin through the CPp region
The observation that GFa was unable to compete for His-uPA binding to uPAR, even though it stimulated HEK-293/uPAR-25 cell migration, prompted us to consider that it might specifically associate with the cell surface, independently of uPAR. To test this possibility, the binding of GFa was assessed in a 125I-GFa-competition assay with HEK-293 cells. As shown in Fig. 2A, 10 pM of GFa was sufficient to reduce surface-bound 125I-GFa by 50%, indicating the occurrence of a specific interaction. Unlabeled uPA 1-158 (corresponding to the first 158 uPA residues) and the peptide corresponding to residues 135-158 of human uPA (CPp) (Fig. 1A) display a similar relative affinity, because 50% competition was achieved at 10 pM. By contrast, GFDp was ineffective, indicating that the uPAR-binding region is not involved in this interaction. This experiment suggests the presence of a specific, high-affinity site on the surface of HEK-293 cells that interacts with GFa and uPA 1-158 through the CPp region, encompassing residues 135 to 158. This notion is directly supported by the finding that His-uPA, GFa, uPA 1-158 and CPp were able to compete for the binding of 125I-CPp peptide to the cell surface, whereas GFDp was not (Fig. 2B). Since 125I-CPp bound to HEK-293 and to HEK-293/uPAR-12 with a similar Kd, the uPAR seems to be dispensable for uPA binding to the cell surface through the CP region. However, to rule out the possibility that uPA was binding directly to uPAR through the CP region, a competition experiment was set up. Purified uPA 1-158 was incubated with cell culture medium of LB6 cells, expressing the soluble uPAR (suPAR) (Masucci et al., 1991) in the presence of excess GFDp or CPp. The resulting products were cross-linked and loaded onto an SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting with anti-uPAR antibody. The association of uPA 1-158 with suPAR yielded a 55 kDa band which was abrogated by 5 µM GFDp. On the contrary, CPp did not reduce the extent of uPA 1-158/suPAR complex up to a concentration of 50 µM, showing that it is unable to bind with high affinity to the suPAR (Fig. 2C). These data, taken together, indicate that uPA binds to a non-uPAR component on cell surface through the CP region.
|
In an attempt to identify the binding partner for 125I-CPp on cell surface, we explored integrins as possible candidates. HEK-293 cells were tested for integrin expression by FACS analysis. The following integrin subunits were found: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, v, ß1, ß3 and ß5. Although some published reports suggest that vß5 integrin is not expressed (Li et al., 2001), our analysis indicates that it is present but not at a high level (data not shown). Before testing the effect of integrin-blocking antibodies on CPp binding, the antibody function was tested in an adhesion-blocking assay using HEK-293 cells and collagen, laminin, vitronectin and fibronectin as matrix proteins. As shown in Table 1, all antibodies tested were effective in blocking adhesion to the respective, specific matrix protein. To examine whether any of the integrins expressed on HEK-293 cells were responsible for 125I-CPp binding, the cells were exposed to the indicated antibody prior to incubation with 125I-CPp at 4°C. Results shown in Fig. 3A indicate that anti-v integrin, anti-ß5 integrin and anti-vß5 integrin antibodies caused a 50-60% reduction in the radioactivity specifically associated with the cell surface. Antibodies against 2 integrin, 3 integrin, 4 integrin, ß1 integrin and ß3 integrin were ineffective in blocking the binding of 125I-CPp, and anti-5 antibody produced a small (20%), but statistically significant, inhibition. We do not know whether the reason for the antibody blockade of CPp binding to vß5 integrin is the result of an overlap between the CPp- and the vitronectin-binding site or an allosteric effect that masks the CPp-binding site. However, the fact that the blocking antibodies against v integrin, ß5 integrin and vß5 integrin all prevent CPp binding suggests some overlap between the native ligand binding domain and CPp-binding domains. Importantly, two additional experimental results support the specific role of vß5 integrin. First, cloned HEK-293 cells stably overexpressing v integrin exhibited increased specific association of 125I-CPp to cell surface (Fig. 3A). Second, whereas preincubation of purified vß5 integrin with CPp reduced the binding of 125I-CPp to cells by 80-90%, no reduction was observed following preincubation with 1ß1 integrin (Fig. 3A). Further evidence of GFa binding to vß5 integrin was obtained from an experiment in which the adherence of HEK-293 cells to GFa-coated dishes was examined. After 1 hour at 37°C, approximately 40% of untreated HEK-293 cells adhered to the GFa-coated plates, but this number was reduced by 60-70% when HEK-293 cells were preincubated with anti-v, anti-ß5 or anti-vß5 antibodies (Fig. 3B). In control experiments, about 90% of the total HEK-293 cells were found to adhere to vitronectin-coated plates, whereas only 3.9% adhered to BSA-coated plates. Finally, direct interaction of vß5 integrin and GFa was tested in vitro by preloading anti-uPA polyclonal antibody conjugated to protein A-Sepharose with GFa or diluents, and further incubating it with purified vß5 integrin. Examination of bead-associated and supernatant vß5 integrin by western blotting revealed that, although both supernatants contained vß5 integrin, only the beads that were incubated with GFa had bound v integrin (Fig. 3C). When purified 1ß1 integrin was added to the anti-uPA-GFa-Sepharose beads, no integrin bound to Sepharose (data not shown).
|
|
Pattern of F-actin rearrangements in response to uPA and uPA-derived peptides
Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which generates the driving forces supporting migration, is an early event in the stimulation of cell migration. Here, we analyse the relationship of uPA-induced cell migration and cytoskeletal rearrangements, using a novel technique employing a Dunn-type chamber that allows the observation of directional migration towards a preformed chemotactic gradient under a microscope. Owing to the design of the Dunn chamber, it is possible to distinguish between migrated and stationary cells. We counted the number of migrating cells displaying cytoskeletal rearrangements in response to an uPA 1-158 gradient and compared it with migrating cells exhibiting F-actin protrusions in the absence of chemoattractant. The results showed that, in the presence of uPA 1-158 gradient, 66±4% of cells had F-actin-enriched protrusions (Fig. 4B), whereas only 19±1% of control cells showed this characteristic (Fig. 4A). Therefore, uPA specifically promotes cytoskeletal rearrangements in almost half (47%) of the migrating cells.
|
To examine whether F-actin reorganization is affected by the GFD-uPAR interaction and whether the CP region participates to some extent, HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells were treated for 1 hour with different uPA-related effectors and stained with Rhodamine-phalloidin. To reduce F-actin background staining due to adhesion, cells were kept in suspension throughout the treatment with the selected effectors according to a published procedure (Carriero et al., 1999; Gargiulo et al., 2005). Cell exposure to GFDp caused the appearance of a single protruding region in which F-actin and uPAR were co-localized (Fig. 5A). A similar pattern was observed following HEK-293/uPAR-25 cell incubation with CPp (data not shown). A quantitative analysis was performed by examining 200 cells/sample. Cells exhibiting phalloidin-positive protrusions were counted and expressed as the percentage of total cell number. The percentage of untreated cells exhibiting single phalloidin-positive protrusions (5%-8%) was subtracted to obtain the net effector-dependent values. The analysis revealed a statistically significant net increase in the percentage of F-actin-enriched protrusions following exposure to His-uPA, GFDp or CPp (between 30% and 45%). In all cases, this effect was prevented by preincubation of cells with anti-uPAR polyclonal antibody, blocking uPAR engagement by GFD, by anti-vß5 integrin, anti-v integrin, anti-ß5 integrin antibodies and by the RGD peptide, blocking the integrins (Fig. 5B). Treatment of cells with anti-2 integrin antibody did not significantly reduce the percent of cells with phalloidin-positive protrusions, supporting the specific role of vß5 integrin. A dose-dependence analysis of cytoskeleton rearrangements revealed that GFDp is active at concentrations exceeding 10 pM, whereas the effect of CPp begins to increase at 0.1 pM and reaches a peak between 1 and 10 pM (Fig. 5C). Interestingly, a 1:1 molar ratio of CPp and GFDp resulted in an enhancement of the response with a peak at 1 pM (Fig. 5C). These data show that the GFD-uPAR interaction does promote cytoskeletal rearrangements and further support the possibility that the CP region cooperates to generate a full response.
|
GFa and CPp become chemotactic. Since uPA is a multi-domain complex molecule with individual domains displaying a degree of functional independence, it was important to assess the integrated functional impact of the individual domains on migration, by testing equimolar combinations of GFDp and CPp. Thus, following exposure to different concentrations of GFDp and/or CPp, the HEK-293/uPAR-25 cell migration was analysed and quantified (Fig. 6A). Individually, both GFDp and CPp were chemotactic for HEK-293/uPAR-25 in a dose-dependent manner, their optimum being at 100-1000 pM and 1-10 pM, respectively (Fig. 6A). The equimolar combination of GFDp with CPp (between 0.1 pM and 10,000 pM) produced a stronger motogenic effect than the individual proteins. Importantly, a time course of chemotaxis towards the same concentration (10 pM) of CPp or GFDp suggested that CPp was a faster acting motogen for HEK-293/uPAR-25 (Fig. 6B). The combination of the two peptides was more effective than the individual peptides, and the complete N-terminal uPA region (residues 1-158) was the most effective. It is interesting to note that the chemotactic response to CPp is not restricted to HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells: freshly isolated monocytes from human blood and U937 monocyte-like cells, exhibit an increased motility towards 10 pM CPp (approximately 190%±10 and 172%±8, respectively). Vice-versa, HEK-293 cells do not respond to CPp (data not shown).
|
To explore the mechanism through which the newly identified uPA chemotactic CP region induces migration, we examined the association of CPp with vß5 integrin and its effect on the interaction of integrin with uPAR. We found that the motogenic effect of CPp preincubated with purified vß5 integrin was strongly reduced, indicating that CPp binds to the integrin in solution (Fig. 6A,B). In control experiments, preincubation of CPp with the non-uPAR-binding peptide 5Ala-GFDp was ineffective. Interestingly, preincubation of uPA 1-158 with purified integrin brought chemotaxis down to the level induced by GFDp, suggesting that vß5 integrin binds and blocks one of the two chemotactically active regions of uPA 1-158. Taken together, our results suggest that two distinct sequences of uPA cooperate to induce cell migration: the GFD (binding directly to uPAR) and the CP (binding to vß5 integrin), which also requires uPAR for its motogenic activity. We reasoned that uPA affects signaling in a CP-dependent manner, by increasing the physical association of vß5 integrin with uPAR. To test this possibility, HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells were incubated with CPp, lysed and proteins immunoprecipitated with anti-v integrin antibodies. In control samples, cells were exposed to GFDp or to an equimolar combination of GFDp and CPp. As shown in Fig. 6C, the amount of uPAR that co-immunoprecipitated with v integrin increased in cells incubated with CPp and was greater following cell exposure to the CPp-GFDp mixture. This indicates that CPp, although unable to bind to the uPAR, stimulates the physical association of uPAR with vß5 integrin.
All our experimental results indicate that induction of migration by uPA involves uPAR and vß5 integrin, and that binding of GFDp and CPp to the integrin potentiates the uPAR-integrin interaction and enhances migration. Therefore, we reasoned that one of the partners (uPAR or integrin) affects the response to both uPA-derived peptides. To test this possibility, HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells were pretreated with anti-uPAR or anti-vß5 integrin antibodies (to block uPAR or integrin) and allowed to migrate towards either GFDp or CPp. As shown in Table 2, each of the antibodies prevented CPp- and GFDp-dependent directional migration, suggesting the involvement of vß5 integrin and uPAR in both cases. In particular, polyclonal anti-uPAR antibody was the most effective inhibitor of GFDp, whereas the monoclonal anti-vß5 integrin antibody reduced CPp-dependent migration more effectively. This result might reflect the ability of anti-uPAR and anti-vß5 integrin antibody to directly inhibit binding of GFDp (not shown) and CPp (Fig. 3A), respectively. Finally, cells were pre-exposed to a number of signaling inhibitors. With the exception of the PI 3-kinase inhibitors worthmannin and LY294002, which seem to prevent CPp-dependent signaling more effectively than GFDp-dependent signaling, all compounds were able to reduce peptide-dependent signaling to a similar extent. The latter observation suggests that CPp-dependent signaling shares, at least some, downstream mediators with the GFDp-uPAR-dependent pathway.
|
These findings indicate that uPAR can be either engaged directly through the GFD and/or, indirectly, through the specific interaction between the CP region in uPA and the vß5 integrin receptor.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopSummaryIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
vß5 integrin. Our working model proposes that the multi-domain serine protease urokinase plasminogen activator, in addition to its well established interaction with uPAR through GFD (residues 1-49), interacts simultaneously with vß5 integrin through the CP region, thus, eliciting a full chemotactic response.
We have based our model on the findings that both CPp, a peptide corresponding to most of the human CP region (Fig. 1A), and a truncated uPA without the uPAR-binding domain (GFa) bound to vß5 integrin. In the presence of uPAR, this interaction leads to an increased integrin-uPAR association, F-actin-enriched protrusions and, ultimately, cell migration. Although GFa and CPp bind to the surface of HEK-293 cells, these effects are not detected in cells that lack uPAR, showing that uPAR is required for CPp-dependent signaling (data not shown). Importantly, we have shown that CPp does not bind to uPAR at less than 50 µM (Fig. 2C), suggesting that the functional effects of CPp - which are occurring at picomolar concentrations - cannot depend on a direct interaction of CPp with uPAR.
In the presence of uPAR, simultaneous exposure to CPp and GFDp results in enhanced cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell migration, suggesting a functional cooperation between the two regions in the intact protein. The latter possibility is further supported by the partial inhibition of chemotaxis towards uPA 1-158 preincubated with vß5 integrin (Fig. 6B). The relevance of the GFD-uPAR interaction is highlighted by a report showing that, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, uPAR adhesion to uPA is abolished by the deletion of uPA residues 1-46, indicating that direct binding to uPAR is required (Tarui et al., 2003; Tarui et al., 2006). However, consistent with our data, other reports show an interaction of uPA with the cell surface that is independent of uPAR and GFD. For example, a weak interaction between a recombinant uPA kringle domain (residues 43-156) and an unidentified cell-surface target, elicited cell migration in the absence of uPAR (Mukhina et al., 2000). Remarkably, uPA has been described to directly interact with Mß2 integrin through the kringle-domain (residues 47-135) and the proteolytic domain (residues 136-411) on the surface of leukocytes (Pluskota et al., 2003). Our results clearly identify vß5 integrin as the integrin involved in HEK-293-cell migration, displaying a clear-cut GFD-independent ability to associate with the CP of uPA (residues 132-158). Consistently, the physiological relevance of the CP region is supported by the finding that a peptide corresponding to residues 136-143 of uPA has anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic properties (Guo et al., 2002) and is thought to act by competing with a secondary, weaker interaction between uPA and uPAR. However, in our system the binding of CPp (and GFa) to the cell surface was completely uPAR-independent but vß5-integrin-dependent. Also, binding of CPp and GFa to the cell surface was blocked by preincubation of these proteins with purified vß5 integrin and by anti-vß5 integrin antibodies, indicating that this was their primary binding site. Moreover, the existence of a GFD-independent interaction between uPA and v integrin is further supported by the finding that HEK-293-cell clones that had been stably transfected to overexpress the v integrin subunit, exhibit a proportionally increased specific association of 125I-GFa and 125I-CPp to their surface. An interesting possibility is that, activation of pro-uPA, through enzymatic cleavage of the Lys158-Ile159 bond, might change the local protein conformation and, therefore, the binding properties of the CP region. This, as well as the integrin-binding characteristics of pro-uPA phosphorylated on Ser138, will be the object of further investigation.
The crystal structure of a soluble form of uPAR has been recently solved, revealing a central cavity where the GFD binds and a large external surface accessible to interactions with other partners, such as integrins (Llinas et al., 2005). These findings do not exclude the possibility that uPA simultaneously associates with uPAR and with a different membrane partner through a region not involved in uPAR-binding, such as the CP. In support of this idea, formation of a ternary complex for the signaling mechanism of GPI-linked receptors has been suggested in the glial-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) receptor that associates with the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor c-RET, favoring the interaction of the complex with GDNF (Cik et al., 2000). Our previous work with another integrin, 5ß1, has shown that its interaction with uPAR induced signal transduction that was further enhanced by the presence of uPA (Aguirre Ghiso et al., 2001).
Some authors (Wei et al., 1996; Carriero et al., 1999) have proposed that uPAR/integrin complexes pre-exist in cells not previously exposed to uPA and/or can be formed in vitro in the absence of uPA. That appears to contradict the proposed model. However, our co-immunoprecipitation experiments (Fig. 6C) with anti-vß5 integrin antibodies to pull down uPAR, indicate that a modest amount of the complex exists in absence of exogenously added uPA. Whether this is due to small amount of uPA being produced or due to uPA-independent complex formation has not been established. However, treatment of cells with either CPp or GFDp substantially increased the amount of uPAR associated with the integrin, and the mixture of the two at picomolar concentrations produced a further tenfold increase in vß5-integrin-associated uPAR. The data clearly indicate that the association of CPp with vß5 integrin is insufficient to mobilize cells for migration unless uPAR is present. On the contrary, in the absence of uPAR, His-uPA and GFa downregulate basal migration of HEK-293 cells (Fig. 1D). Whether this effect is due to the interaction of CP with vß5 integrin remains to be investigated.
This last finding further supports the role of uPAR as a positive regulator of cell migration and agrees well with our previous observations that the physical and functional association of uPAR with vß5 integrin alters the signaling specificity of vß5 (Carriero et al., 1999). It is possible that, once the ternary complex (uPAR-uPA-integrin) is formed, new mediators are then recruited: this possibility deserves further investigation by analyzing the partners of CPp-vß5-integrin complex in the presence and in the absence of uPAR. Remarkably, in the presence of uPAR, the chemotactic activity of CPp and GFDp is prevented by the same set of signaling inhibitors, indicating that they share, at least several, downstream effectors (Table 2). This evidence further supports the finding that CPp acts through uPAR to stimulate cell migration. It will be interesting to assess whether the impact of the CP region on cell physiology is limited to motility or extends to the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of uPA (Alfano et al., 2005; Alfano et al., 2006). In conclusion, the data presented in here indicate that the intact uPA protein simultaneously binds to vß5 integrin and to uPAR, perhaps forming a bridge between the two receptors that initiates and potentiates uPAR-dependent signaling and migration.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopSummaryIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
vß5 and 1ß1 integrin, VNR147 anti-v integrin and P1F6 anti-vß5 integrin monoclonal antibodies were from Chemicon Int. Inc. (Temecula, CA). N-19 goat anti-v integrin polyclonal antibody was from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA). 399 rabbit anti-uPAR polyclonal antibody was from American Diagnostica (Greenwich, CT). Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin and FITC-conjugated antibodies were from Sigma (Milan, Italy). Na125I (17.4 mCi/µg) and the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (ECL) were from Amersham (Milan, Italy). All cell culture reagents were purchased from Gibco (Gaithersburg, MD). CompleteTM protease inhibitor cocktail was from Roche (Penzberg, Germany). The pPIC9 vector and Pichia strain GS115 were obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (San Diego, CA). Collagen type IV, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, the MAPK inhibitors PD 98059 and SB 203580, the PI 3-kinase inhibitors worthmannin and LY 294002, the ROCK inhibitor Y 27632 and the PKC inhibitor PP2 were from Sigma.
The C-terminal histidine-tagged uPA human variants shown in Fig. 1A (His-uPA and GFa) and the untagged uPA 1-158 (corresponding to the first 158 amino acids of human uPA) have been expressed as secreted products in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. Tagged proteins were purified by Ni2+-NTA chromatography, as previously described (Franco et al., 1997). 95% of the purified His-uPA and GFa are in the single-chain pro-urokinase form. Untagged uPA 1-158 was purified by 5B4-agarose chromatography, as described (Stoppelli et al., 1985).
Plasmids
pPIC9-His-uPA encoding His-uPA was obtained by ligation of a double-strand oligonucleotide (5'-AATTCAGCAATGAACTTCATCAAGTTCCAT-3' and 5'-CGATGGAACTTGATGAAGTTCATTGCTG-3') to the 370 bp TaqI-FspI fragment excised from pcDNAneo-His-uPA plasmid and the NcoI-XbaI fragment from pcDNAneo-His-uPA (Franco et al., 1997). To obtain pPIC9 coding for histidine-tagged GFa, the region encoding amino acid residues 66-411 of uPA, included in the 3099 bp StuI-NcoI fragment, was excised from pPIC9-His-uPA, ligated into the StuI-NotI sites of pPIC9 multicloning site, together with a double-strand oligonucleotide coding for the first eight residues of uPA and for amino acid residues 46-65 (5'-GGCCGCGAGCAATGAACTTCATCAAGTTCCAAAGTCAAAAACCTGCTATGAGGGGAATGGTCACTTTTACCGAGGAAAGGCCAGCACTGACAC-3' and 5'-CATGGTGTCAGTGCTGGCCTTTCCTCGGTAAAAGTGACCATTCCCCTCATAGCAGGTTTTTGACTTTGGAACTTGATGAAGTTCATTGCTCGC-3'), thus introducing the 9-45 deletion. The uPAR expression vector pcDNA3-uPAR was constructed by inserting the 1027 bp EcoRI-EcoRI fragment from the pBluescript II SK vector, containing the whole uPAR-cDNA coding sequence in the pcDNA3 vector. The v-pcDNA3 vector was kindly provided by D. Cheresh, UCSD, La Jolla, CA.
Peptide synthesis and purification
The peptides employed in this analysis correspond to the human uPA sequence, amino acid residues 12-32 (GFDp, DCLNGGTAVSNKYFSNIHWCN), its non-binding version carrying the substitution of the crucial residues with five Ala residues (5Ala-GFDp, DCLNGGTAVSAAAAANIHWCN), or to the uPA sequence, amino acid residues 135 to 158 (CPp, KKPSSPPEELKFQCGQKTLRPRFK). Briefly, peptides were synthesized using the solid phase approach with standard Fmoc methodology in a manual reaction vessel (Stewart, 1997). Purification was achieved with semi-preparative RP-HPLC C 18 bonded silica column (Vydac 218TP1010). The purified peptide was 99% pure as determined by analytical RP-HPLC. The correct molecular weight of the peptide was confirmed by mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis.
Cell culture and generation of stable transfectants
Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, LB6 mouse cells expressing soluble uPAR (suPAR) (Masucci et al., 1991) and the stably transfected cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS. All cell lines were grown in the presence of 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37°C, under 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Stable HEK-293 transfectants were obtained by electroporating 107 subconfluent HEK-293 cells with 80 µg of plasmid DNA, in 0.9 ml of culture medium. The expression of uPAR by HEK-293/uPAR clones was quantitated by western blotting with anti-uPAR R2 antibody in total cell lysates and by radioreceptor-binding assay with 125I-His-uPA (Stoppelli et al., 1985). Expression of the v integrin subunit by HEK-293/v clones was quantitated by western blotting with anti-v integrin antibody in total cell lysates. Conditioned medium from LB6 cells expressing suPAR was obtained as described previously (Carriero et al., 1994).
125I-labeling and radioreceptor-binding assay
200 ng of GFa or His-uPA were labeled with 1 mCi of Na125I (Amersham) using IODO-BEADS from Pierce (Rockford, IL) in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 M NaCl pH 7.2 for 10 minutes at 25°C in a final volume of 100 µl. Specific activity was 12 µCi/µg for GFa and 1 µCi/µg for His-uPA. In both cases the preparations retained 70% enzymatic activity as determined by an indirect chromogenic assay according to Gardell et al. (Gardell et al., 1989). The connecting peptide (CPp) was iodinated with 1 mCi of a mixture of monoiodinated and di-iodinated Bolton-Hunter reagent (MP Biomedicals) according to Bolton and Hunter (Bolton and Hunter, 1973). Briefly, 10 µg of CPp was incubated with the 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent in 0.1 M sodium-borate buffer pH 8.5 for 1 hour at 0°C and then eluted through a D-salt polyacrylamide 1800 desalting column (Pierce) with a 0.05 M phosphate buffer containing 0.1% gelatin. Specific activity was 0.7 µCi/µg.
For binding studies, 2x106 HEK-293 or U937 cells were harvested and incubated for 3 hours at 4°C with the indicated amounts of the 125I-labeled proteins or the 125I-labeled peptide in DMEM (HEK-293) or RPMI (U937) containing 1 mg/ml BSA and 10 mM Hepes pH 7.4 (binding buffer). At the end of incubation, cells were washed three times with binding buffer and the surface-associated proteins were recovered by treating cells with an acidic wash (50 mM glycine-HCl buffer pH 3.0, containing 0.1 M NaCl) for 2 minutes at room temperature and quantitated by measuring 
-radiation (Stoppelli et al., 1986). Each experiment was carried out in duplicate and the results were plotted as mean cpm ± standard deviation (s.d.).
Chemotaxis assay
Chemotaxis assays were performed in Boyden chambers with 8-µm-pore-size PVPF-free filters (insert growth area 0.33 cm2, coated with collagen type IV) according to Carriero et al. (Carriero et al., 1999) with minor modifications. Briefly, 105 cells were detached by mild trypsinization, incubated in DMEM with 10% FBS for 1 hour, treated with acidic wash and inoculated into the upper compartment. Chemoattractants were diluted in DMEM with 0.1% BSA and added to the lower compartment. After 3 hours of incubation at 37°C, the cells on the upper side of the membrane were removed by scraping and cells on the lower side of the filters were counted under an inverted microscope. Cell migration in the absence of chemoattractant or random migration was referred to as 100%.
Dunn-chamber assay
HEK-293/uPAR cells were seeded on 20x20 mm coverslips for 24 hours and then treated with an acidic wash. Before inverting the cover slip on top of a double-concentric chamber, cells on the cover slip covering the outer chamber were carefully scraped away (Allen et al., 1998). A gradient of a chemoattractant was created by placing serum-free medium in the inner chamber and 1 nM uPA 1-158 in the outer chamber. The ring separating the inner and outer chambers permits slow diffusion between the chambers. For control experiments both wells were filled with serum-free medium. After 4 hours, the coverslip was removed from the chamber and the cytoskeleton was visualized by staining with Rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. A total of 100 cells/sample that translocated to the area corresponding to the outer well was examined with a fluorescence-inverted microscope and images were taken with a videocamera. Quantitative analysis of the images was performed by counting the number of cells exhibiting oriented, F-actin-containing filamentous structures and were reported as percentage of total migrating cell number. Data represent the results of two experiments.
Binding of GFa to purified vß5
100 µg of anti-uPA antibodies were incubated with 200 µl of protein A-Sepharose in 0.2 M sodium borate buffer pH 9.0 for 1 hour at room temperature. After extensive washing, bound proteins were crosslinked with 20 mM dimethylpimelimidate for 30 minutes at room temperature and the reaction was finally stopped with 0.2 M ethanolamine pH 8.0. Then, 5 µg of GFa were incubated with 15 µl of protein-A-anti-uPA antibody Sepharose in 60 µl of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100 for 2 hours at 4°C. The resin was further incubated with 500 ng of vß5 integrin or 1ß1 integrin in the presence of 1 mM MgCl2 for 2 hours at 4°C and washed twice. Bound proteins were eluted with 0.1 M glycine-HCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.5 M NaCl pH 2.8, diluted with loading buffer and analysed on a 7.5% SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, followed by western blotting with 1 µg/ml of goat polyclonal anti-v integrin antibody.
Analysis of cytoskeleton and uPAR distribution
Subconfluent cells were harvested by a mild trypsinization and incubated with DMEM with 10% FBS for 1 hour at 37°C and acid-treated to strip any membrane-bound growth factors (Carriero et al., 1997). The cells were then incubated in suspension in DMEM with the indicated effectors for 1 hour at 23°C and/or preloaded with diluents (without antibody) or 5 µg/ml of anti-uPAR 399 polyclonal or 50 µg/ml RGD peptide or the specific anti-integrin antibodies at 1:30 dilution for 1 hour at 23°C. Then, cells were washed, centrifuged and kept in suspension throughout the procedure. To analyse uPAR distribution, cell pellets were incubated with anti-uPAR 399 antibody followed by a secondary FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody. To study F-actin distribution, cells were fixed with 2.5% formaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 minutes at 4°C and incubated with 0.1 µg/ml Rhodamine-phalloidin for 40 minutes as previously described (Carriero et al., 1999; Gargiulo et al., 2005). In all cases, after extensive washing with PBS, cells were placed on a clean glass slide and examined either with an inverted or a confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Milan, Italy). To generate quantitative data, a total of 200 cells/sample was examined and the percentage of cells exhibiting a rearranged cytoskeleton was assessed. The percentage of cells exhibiting F-actin rearrangements in the absence of treatment was subtracted to obtain the net effector-dependent values, as described (Gargiulo et al., 2005). Data represent the mean of three independent experiments performed in triplicate and evaluated by two independent observers with error bars indicate the s.d.
Co-immunoprecipitation assay
Detached HEK-293/uPAR-25 cells were treated with acidic wash, exposed for 60 minutes to different effectors and then lysed in RIPA buffer (140 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM Na2VO4) and protease inhibitor mixture. Four hundred µg/sample was immunoprecipitated overnight at 4°C with 5 µg/ml VNR147 anti-v integrin monoclonal antibody. The G-Sepharose-absorbed proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, followed by western blotting with 2 µg/ml of R4 anti-uPAR monoclonal or with anti-v integrin polyclonal antibodies for 2 hours at 4°C, according to Carriero et al. (Carriero et al., 1999).
Statistics
The results were analysed using the Student's t-test. A value of P<0.05 was considered to be significant. Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. and the number of experiments performed is indicated in the figure legends.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
|
References |
|---|
|
TopSummaryIntroductionResultsDiscussionMaterials and MethodsReferences |
|---|
Aguirre Ghiso, J. A., Kovalski, K. and Ossowski, L. (1999). Tumor dormancy induced by downregulation of urokinase receptor in human carcinoma involves integrin and MAPK signaling. J. Cell Biol. 147, 89-104.
Aguirre Ghiso, J. A., Liu, D., Mignatti, A., Kovalski, K. and Ossowski, L. (2001). Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERK(MAPK) to p38(MAPK) activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 863-879.
Alfano, D., Franco, P., Vocca, I., Gambi, N., Pisa, V., Mancini, A., Caputi, M., Carriero, M. V., Iaccarino, I. and Stoppelli, M. P. (2005). The urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor: role in cell growth and apoptosis. Thromb. Haemost. 93, 205-211.[Medline]
Alfano, D., Iaccarino, I. and Stoppelli, M. P. (2006). Urokinase signalling through its receptor protects against anoikis by increasing Bcl-xL expression levels. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 17758-17767.
Allen, W. E., Zicha, D., Ridley, A. J. and Jones, G. E. (1998). A role for Cdc42 in macrophage chemotaxis. J. Cell Biol. 141, 1147-1157.
Andreasen, P. A., Kjoller, L., Christensen, L. and Duffy, M. J. (1997). The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int. J. Cancer 72, 1-22.[CrossRef][Medline]
Appella, E., Robinson, E., Ulrich, S., Stoppelli, M. P., Corti, A., Cassani, G. and Blasi, F. (1987). The receptor binding sequence of urokinase: biological function for the growth factor module of proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4437-4440.
Blasi, F. and Carmeliet, P. (2002). uPAR: a versatile signalling orchestrator. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 932-943.[CrossRef][Medline]
Bolton, A. E. and Hunter, W. M. (1973). The labelling of proteins to high specific radioactivities by conjugation to a 125I-containing acylating agent. Biochem. J. 133, 529-539.[Medline]
Carriero, M. V., Franco, P., Del Vecchio, S., Massa, O., Botti, G., D'Aiuto, G., Stoppelli, M. P. and Salvatore, M. (1994). Tissue distribution of soluble and receptor-bound urokinase in human breast cancer using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res. 54, 5445-5454.
Carriero, M. V., Del Vecchio, S., Franco, P., Potena, M. I., Chiaradonna, F., Botti, G., Stoppelli, M. P. and Salvatore, M. (1997). Vitronectin binding to urokinase receptor in human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 1299-1308.[Abstract]
Carriero, M. V., Del Vecchio, S., Capozzoli, M., Franco, P., Fontana, L., Zannetti, A., Botti, G., D'Aiuto, G., Salvatore, M. and Stoppelli, M. P. (1999). Urokinase receptor interacts with vß5 vitronectin receptor promoting urokinase-dependent cell migration in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 59, 5307-5314.
Carriero, M. V., Franco, P., Gargiulo, L., Vocca, I., Cito, L., Fontana, L., Iaccarino, C., Del Pozzo, G., Guardiola, J. and Stoppelli, M. P. (2002). Inhibition of receptor-dependent urokinase signaling ability by specific Ser to Glu susbtitutions. Biol. Chem. 383, 107-113.[CrossRef][Medline]
Chang, C. and Werb, Z. (2001). The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol. 11, S37-S43.[Medline]
Chaurasia, P., Aguirre Ghiso, J. A., Liang, O. D., Gardsvoll, H., Ploug, M. and Ossowski, L. (2006). A region in uPAR domain III controlling a functional association with alpha 5beta 1-integrin and tumor growth. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14852-14863.
Chiaradonna, F., Fontana, L., Iavarone, C., Carriero, M. V., Scholz, G., Barone, M. V. and Stoppelli, M. P. (1999). Urokinase receptor-dependent and independent p56/59hck activation state is a molecular switch between myelomonocytic cell motility and adherence. EMBO J. 11, 3013-3023.[CrossRef]
Cik, M., Masure, S., Lesage, A. S., Van Der Linden, I., Van Gompel, P., Pangalos, M. N., Gordon, R. D. and Leysen, J. E. (2000). Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 27505-27512.
Dano, K., Andreasen, P. A., Grondahl-Hansen, J., Kristensen, P., Nielsen, L. S. and Skriver, L. (1985). Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 44, 139-266.[Medline]
Franco, P., Iaccarino, C., Chiaradonna, F., Brandazza, A., Iavarone, C., Mastronicola, M. R., Nolli, M. L. and Stoppelli, M. P. (1997). Phosphorylation of pro-urokinase on Ser138/303 impairs its receptor-dependent ability to promote myelomonocytic adhesion and motility. J. Cell Biol. 137, 779-791.
Franco, P., Massa, O., Garcia-Rocha, M., Chiaradonna, F., Iaccarino, C., Correas, I., Mendez, E., Avila, J., Blasi, F. and Stoppelli, M. P. (1998). Protein kinase C-dependent in vivo phosphorylation of pro-urokinase leads to the formation of a receptor competitive antagonist. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27734-27740.
Gardell, S. J., Duong, L. T., Diehl, R. E., York, J. D., Hare, T. R., Register, R. B., Jacobs, J. W., Dixon, R. A. and Friedman, P. A. (1989). Isolation, characterization, and cDNA cloning of a vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 17947-17952.
Gargiulo, L., Longanesi-Cattani, I., Bifulco, K., Franco, P., Raiola, R., Campiglia, P., Grieco, P., Peluso, G., Stoppelli, M. P. and Carriero, M. V. (2005). Cross-talk between fMLP and vitronectin receptors triggered by urokinase receptor-derived SRSRY peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 25225-25232.
Geiger, B., Bershadsky, A., Pankov, R. and Yamada, K. M. (2001). Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix-cytoskeleton crosstalk. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 793-805.[CrossRef][Medline]
Guo, Y., Mazar, A. P., Lebrun, J. J. and Rabbani, S. A. (2002). An antiangiogenic urokinase-derived peptide combined with tamoxifen decreases tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic model of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 62, 4678-4684.
Jo, M., Thomas, K. S., Somlyo, A. V., Somlyo, A. P. and Gonias, S. L. (2002). Cooperativity between the Ras-ERK and Rho-Rho kinase pathways in urokinase-type plasminogen activator-stimulated cell migration. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 12479-12485.
Li, E., Brown, S. L., Stupack, D. G., Puente, X. S., Cheresh, D. A. and Nemerow, G. R. (2001). Integrin alpha(v)beta1 is an adenovirus coreceptor. J. Virol. 75, 5405-5409.
Liu, D., Aguirre Ghiso, J. A., Estrada, Y. and Ossowski, L. (2002). EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma. Cancer Cell 1, 445-457.[CrossRef][Medline]
Llinas, P., Le Du, M. H., Gardsvoll, H., Dano, K., Ploug, M., Gilquin, B., Stura, E. A. and Menez, A. (2005). Crystal structure of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor bound to an antagonist peptide. EMBO J. 24, 1655-1663.[CrossRef][Medline]
Masucci, M. T., Pedersen, N. and Blasi, F. (1991). A soluble, ligand binding mutant of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 8655-8658.
Montuori, N., Carriero, M. V., Salzano, S., Rossi, G. and Ragno, P. (2002). The cleavage of the urokinase receptor regulates its multiple functions. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46932-46939.
Mukhina, S., Stepanova, V., Traktouev, D., Poliakov, A., Beabealashvilly, R., Gursky, Y., Minashkin, M., Shevelev, A. and Tkachuk, V. (2000). The chemotactic action of urokinase on smooth muscle cells is dependent on its kringle domain. Characterization of interactions and contribution to chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 16450-16458.
Ossowski, L. and Aguirre Ghiso, J. A. (2000). Urokinase receptor and integrin partnership: coordination of signaling for cell adhesion, migration and growth. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 613-620.[CrossRef][Medline]
Pluskota, E., Soloviev, D. A. and Plow, E. F. (2003). Convergence of the adhesive and fibrinolytic systems: recognition of urokinase by integrin alphaMbeta2 as well as by the urokinase receptor regulates cell adhesion and migration. Blood 101, 1582-1590.
Ridley, A. J., Schwartz, M. A., Burridge, K., Firtel, R. A., Ginsberg, M. H., Borisy, G., Parsons, J. T. and Horwitz, A. R. (2003). Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science 302, 1704-1709.
Silvestri, I., Longanesi Cattani, I., Franco, P., Pirozzi, G., Botti, G., Stoppelli, M. P. and Carriero, M. V. (2002). Engaged urokinase receptors enhance tumor breast cell migration and invasion by upregulating alpha(v)beta5 vitronectin receptor cell surface expression. Int. J. Cancer 102, 562-571.[CrossRef][Medline]
Simon, D. I., Wei, Y., Zhang, L., Rao, N. K., Xu, H., Chen, Z., Liu, Q., Rosenberg, S. and Chapman, H. A. (2000). Identification of a urokinase receptor-integrin interaction site. Promiscuous regulator of integrin function. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 10228-10234.
Stewart, J. M. (1997). Cleavage methods following Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. Methods Enzymol. 289, 29-44.[Medline]
Stoppelli, M. P., Corti, A., Soffientini, A., Cassani, G., Blasi, F. and Assoian, R. K. (1985). Differentiation-enhanced binding of the amino-terminal fragment of human urokinase plasminogen activator to a specific receptor on U937 monocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 4939-4943.
Stoppelli, M. P., Tacchetti, C., Cubellis, M. V., Corti, A., Hearing, V. J., Cassani, G., Appella, E. and Blasi, F. (1986). Autocrine saturation of pro-urokinase receptors on human A431 cells. Cell 45, 675-684.[CrossRef][Medline]
Sturge, J., Hamelin, J. and Jones, G. E. (2002). N-WASP activation by a ß1-integrin-dependent mechanism supports PI3K-independent chemotaxis stimulated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J. Cell Sci. 115, 699-711.
Tarui, T., Mazar, A. P., Cines, D. B. and Takada, Y. (2001). Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (CD87) is a ligand for integrins and mediates cell-cell interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 3983-3990.
Tarui, T., Andronicos, N., Czekay, R. P., Mazar, A. P., Bdeir, K., Parry, G. C., Kuo, A., Loskutoff, D. J., Cines, D. B. and Takada, Y. (2003). Critical role of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in urokinase (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR, CD87) signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29863-29872.
Tarui, T., Akakura, N., Majumdar, M., Andronicos, N., Takagi, J., Mazar, A. P., Bdeir, K., Kuo, A., Yarovoi, S. V., Cines, D. B. et al. (2006). Interaction of the kringle domain of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and integrin alpha v beta 3 induces signal transduction and enhances plasminogen activation. Thromb. Haemost. 95, 524-534.[Medline]
Vassalli, J. D., Baccino, D. and Belin, D. (1985). A cellular binding site for the Mr 55,000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase. J. Cell Biol. 100, 86-92.
Wei, Y., Lukashev, M., Simon, D. I., Bodary, S. C., Rosenberg, S., Doyle, M. V. and Chapman, H. A. (1996). Regulation of integrin function by the urokinase receptor. Science 273, 1551-1555.[Abstract]
Wei, Y., Czekay, R. P., Robillard, L., Kugler, M. C., Zhang, F., Kim, K. K., Xiong, J. P., Humphries, M. J. and Chapman, H. A. (2005). Regulation of alpha5beta1 integrin conformation and function by urokinase receptor binding. J. Cell Biol. 168, 501-511.
CiteULike 
Complore 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  V. D'mello, S. Singh, Y. Wu, and R. B. Birge The Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Promotes Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells J. Biol. Chem., June 19, 2009; 284(25): 17030 - 17038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-H. Tang, M. L. Hill, A. N. Brumwell, H. A. Chapman, and Y. Wei Signaling through urokinase and urokinase receptor in lung cancer cells requires interactions with {beta}1 integrins J. Cell Sci., November 15, 2008; 121(22): 3747 - 3756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Navaratna, G. Menicucci, J. Maestas, R. Srinivasan, P. McGuire, and A. Das A peptide inhibitor of the urokinase/urokinase receptor system inhibits alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes FASEB J, September 1, 2008; 22(9): 3310 - 3317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Vial and P. J. McKeown-Longo PAI1 stimulates assembly of the fibronectin matrix in osteosarcoma cells through crosstalk between the {alpha}v{beta}5 and {alpha}5{beta}1 integrins J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2008; 121(10): 1661 - 1670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. von Vietinghoff, G. Tunnemann, C. Eulenberg, M. Wellner, M. Cristina Cardoso, F. C. Luft, and R. Kettritz NB1 mediates surface expression of the ANCA antigen proteinase 3 on human neutrophils Blood, May 15, 2007; 109(10): 4487 - 4493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
