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Fig. 2. Effects of SPC and TGF-ß on the differentiation of hATSCs to SMCs. (A) Serum-starved hATSCs were treated with indicated concentrations of TGF-ß1 or TGF-ß3 for 4 days, and the expression levels of ${alpha}$ -SMA and actin were determined by western blotting with anti- ${alpha}$ -SMA and anti-actin antibodies, respectively. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown. (B) The quantities of ${alpha}$ -SMA and actin were determined from the three experiments in A, and the expression levels of ${alpha}$ -SMA were normalized to total actin levels in the samples. (C) Serum-starved hATSCs were challenged with 2 µM D-erythro-SPC and/or 2 ng/ml TGF-ß3 for 4 days. The expression levels of ${alpha}$ -SMA, h₁-calponin, and actin were probed with anti- ${alpha}$ -SMA, anti-h₁-calponin and anti-actin antibodies, respectively. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown. (D) The quantities of ${alpha}$ -SMA, h₁-calponin and actin were determined from the three experiments in C, and the expression levels of ${alpha}$ -SMA and h₁-calponin were normalized to total actin levels in the samples. The data are presented as a percentage of control (mock-treated cells). These data were analysed using Student's t-test and considered to be significantly different from the control when P<0.05 (^*).

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