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Fig. 4. Three models for Ryk in Wnt signaling. (A) In Drosophila, Drl acts as a receptor for Wnt5 to mediate axonal guidance signaling (Yoshikawa et al., 2003). Whether Drl acts with a Fz and through ß-catenin is not clear. (B) In C. elegans vulva development, a Ryk (LIN-18) and Wnt (MOM-2) are thought to act in parallel to a Wnt-Fz pair (LIN-44LIN17) to specify P7 cell fate (Inoue et al., 2004). The downstream signaling mechanism is not clear. (C) In human HEK-293T cells, Ryk is thought to act as a co-receptor for Fz8 to mediate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling (Lu et al., 2004).