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Fig. 1. Breast cancer cells migrate anodally in a small physiological electric field. (A) Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) migrate to the anode (left) (see supplementary material Movie 1). The cells were starved in serum-free medium containing 0.35% HSA overnight before exposure to a direct current EF of 1.5 V/cm. White lines with blue arrowheads represent trajectories and direction of cell movement. (B) Directedness of cell migration shows voltage dependence of the directional migration with the threshold voltage inducing directional migration below 1 V/cm. (C) Small electric fields significantly increased the migration speed. *P<0.001 compared to no EF control, ^P<0.01 compared to 1-3V/cm EF. (D) Rat mammary cancer cells (MTLn3) migrate to the anode in an electric field of 1.5 V/cm (see supplementary material Movie 2). White lines and blue arrowheads represent trajectories and direction of cell movement. (E,F) Voltage dependence of the migration directedness and speed. Data are mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P<0.01 compared with no EF control. Bar, 50 µm. (G) MTLn3 cells migrate toward the anode in EF. After 40 minutes, the polarity of electric field was reversed. Cells of the same field continued to be recorded for the indicated period. White arrows represent displacement distances and direction of cell movement (see supplementary material Movie 3). EF=1.5 V/cm.
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