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Fig. 2. A model for cooperative control of the p53 pathway by Mdm2 and Mdmx. In the absence of stress signals, the primary function of Mdm2 is to maintain p53 at low levels, whereas Mdmx contributes to the overall inhibition of p53 independently of Mdm2. Mdmx inhibits p53 transcriptional activity, whereas the contribution of Mdm2 to the regulation of p53 transcriptional activity per se is still unclear and a matter of debate. The role of Cop-1 and Pirh2 in the regulation of p53 levels and activity in vivo is unclear, but recent data suggest that, if they participate in the regulation of this pathway, they can only do so in an Mdm2-dependent manner. See text for details.