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Fig. 5. Specific Tyr residues influence the localization and function of R1-EGFP. In steady-state HeLa cells, R1-EGFP was localized to the plasma membrane and endosomes. An increase in the soluble fraction was seen with the mutant Y27F-R1-EGFP. Both Y163F and 7xYF-R1-EGFP exhibited only plasma membrane localization without endosomal staining. In addition, the induction of changes in the actin cytoskeleton (e.g. filopodia-like protrusions) by these mutants was even stronger than with wild-type R1-EGFP, as demonstrated by means of phalloidin staining (R1-EGFP and Y163F R1-EGFP, bottom row). The two upper rows represent GFP fluorescence, whereas the bottom row shows phalloidin staining of the cells.