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Fig. 5. Supraphysiological levels of exogenous β-catenin are required to mimic Wnt activity in Xenopus embryos. β-catenin (1.0 ng) or Wnt8 (50 pg) mRNA was injected into the ventral side of four-cell-stage embryos and total β-catenin levels achieved at blastula stage were estimated by immunofluorescence on cryosections. (A) Diagram of cross-section of a blastula embryo indicating the areas used to compare β-catenin staining. (B,C) Ventral and dorsal regions of uninjected embryos. Arrows indicate nuclear β-catenin and arrowheads, the plasma membranes. (D) Ventral region from Wnt8-injected embryo. Note the increased nuclear signal. (E) Ventral region from β-catenin-injected embryo. Note the very strong signal throughout the cells. (F) The same field recorded with a five times shorter exposure time. (G) Comparison of dorsalizing activity of Wnt and β-catenin in early Xenopus embryos. The degree of dorsalization obtained was scored at the tailbud stage. The phenotypes were classified into five categories of increasing dorsalization: normal; partial duplicated axis; complete duplicated axis; complete duplicated axis with shortened axis indicating partial global dorsalization; and completely dorsalized, i.e. global dorsalization with reduced or no axis and radial head structures. P value according to 
2 test.
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