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Fig. 2. Defects in the dynamics of traction forces and energy output for Capn4^–/– fibroblasts. (A) Color rendering of the magnitude of traction stress at 6, 12, 20 and 28 minutes in rescued Capn4^–/– fibroblasts and in Capn4^–/– cells shows weak, scattered traction forces for Capn4^–/– fibroblasts, whereas control cells exert strong forces at the leading and trailing edges. Color scale represents a minimum magnitude of 1x10³ dynes/cm² and a maximum of 2.9x10⁵ dynes/cm². (B) Plots of average integrated traction forces against time show a much higher degree of dynamics for rescued Capn4^–/– cells than Capn4^–/– fibroblasts. (C) Dynamics of traction forces measured by taking a ratio between average integrated traction forces and the s.d. measured over a period of 45 minutes. Rescued Capn4^–/– fibroblasts have a much smaller value than Capn4^–/– cells (four cells, each recorded over 45 minutes), indicating a larger fluctuation in forces. The difference in the energy stored in the substrate is even more striking (Student's t-test P=0.00001), with a much lower output for Capn4^–/– fibroblasts than rescued cells (n=13 and n=23, respectively).

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