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Fig. 4. Involvement of calpain 1, calpain 2 and the calpain small subunit in cellular responses to mechanical forces. Images of Capn4–/– cells or rescued cells are recorded at 0 minutes, prior to micromanipulation, and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after pushing on the substrate with a blunted microneedle against the direction of cell migration. Thin arrows indicate the direction of cell migration and thick arrowheads show the direction of pushing. Scale bar: 10 µm. The chart indicates a response (+) or a failure to respond (–) to stimulation under each of the cellular conditions.