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Files in this Data Supplement:
Movie 1. Confocal movie of neural tube closure of Xenopus laevis. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Movie shows cell divisions that occur during neural tube closure. Cells are seen to divide in the neural plate before being obscured by the neural folds. Neural plate and neural folds indicated at 16 seconds.
Movie 2. Alteration of Cdc42 function, by Cdc42-N17, in the neural plate causes unstable mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Movie shows a cell expressing the Cdc42 dominant negative Cdc42-N17. Chromosomes condense at the metaphase plate then move from one side of the cell to the other. Chromosomes stop moving at approximately the middle of the cell and undergo anaphase.
Movie 3. Alteration of Cdc42 function, by Cdc42-F37A, in the neural plate causes unstable mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Movie shows a cell expressing the Cdc42 dominant negative Cdc42-F37A. Chromosomes condense at the metaphase plate then move from one side of the cell to the other. Chromosomes stop moving at approximately the middle of the cell and undergo anaphase.
Move 4. Mitotic chromosomes are stable in the tail epidermis of Xenopus. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Movie shows a cell in the posterior tail epidermis of a tail bud/tad pole stage embryo. Chromosomes condense at the metaphase plate and remain stable at this position until anaphase onset.
Movie 5. Alteration of Cdc42 function, by Cdc42-N17, in the tail epidermis does not affect chromosome stability. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Movie shows a tail epidermal cell expressing the Cdc42 dominant negative Cdc42-N17. Chromosomes condense at the metaphase plate and remain stably at this position until anaphase onset.
Movie 6. Cell divisions in the neural plate appear obliquely oriented with respect to the midline. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively. Anterior is to the top and the midline is to the left. Cells in the early neural plate are easily seen dividing. Blue arrows indicate cells that divide with their anterior most daughter cell oriented obliquely away from the midline. Cells that divide with their anterior most daughter cell oriented obliquely toward from the midline are indicated by pink arrows.
Movie 7. Often adjacent cells divide with opposite orientations in the early neural plate. Chromosomes are labeled with GFP in the early neural plate. Anterior is to the top and the midline is to the left. Two adjacent cells that are of equal distance from the midline are seen dividing at approximately the same time and in opposite orientations (indicated by blue and pink arrows).
Movie 8. Mitotic spindles undergo rotations just prior to anaphase onset. Membranes and microtubules are labeled with RFP and GFP, respectively, in the early neural plate. Mitotic spindles are easily seen forming and undergoing division. Three cells form spindles. Two cells set up their spindles in approximately the orientation that they divide in while the other undergoes an almost 90° rotation just prior to the onset of anaphase. This rotation orients the spindle along the long axis of the cell and obliquely with respect to the midline.
Movie 9. Chromosomes rotate prior to anaphase. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively, in the neural plate. Chromosomes are seen to condense at the metaphase plate then rotate approximately 90° before undergoing anaphase. Blue arrow indicates the major axis of the condensed chromosomes.
Movie 10. Chromosomes over rotate when Cdc42 function is altered. Chromosomes and membranes labeled with GFP and RFP, respectively, in the neural plate. Cell shown is expressing the Cdc42 dominant negative Cdc42-F37A. Chromosomes are seen to condense at the metaphase plate then rotate approximately 180° before undergoing anaphase. Light blue arrow indicates the major axis of the condensed chromosomes.
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