Functional characterisation of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins binding domains

QUICK SEARCH:

[advanced]

	Author:		Keyword(s):

Home Help Feedback Subscriptions Archive Search Table of Contents

This Article

	Summary
	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted

Services

	Email this article to a friend
	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Download to citation manager


Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Lalli, G.
	Articles by Schiavo, G.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Lalli, G.
	Articles by Schiavo, G.

Bakry, N. M., Kamata, Y. and Simpson, L. L (1997). Expression of botulinum toxin binding sites in Xenopus oocytes. Infect. Immun 65, 2225-2232.[Abstract]

Bennett, M. R., Gibson, W. G. and Robinson, J (1997). Probabilistic secretion of quanta and the synaptosecretosome hypothesis. Evoked release at active zones of varicosities, boutons, and end-plates. Biophys. J 73, 1815-1829.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Bennett, M. R (1998). Neurotransmitter release at individual sympathetic varicosities, boutons. Advan. Pharmacol 42, 98-101.

Binz, T., Kurazono, H., Wille, M., Frevert, J., Wernars, K. and Niemann, H (1990). The complete sequence of botulinum neurotoxin type A and comparison with other clostridial neurotoxins. J. Biol. Chem 265, 9153-9158.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Blasi, J., Chapman, E. R., Link, E., Binz, T., Yamasaki, S., De Camilli, P., Sudhof, T. C., Niemann, H. and Jahn, R (1993). Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25. Nature 365, 160-163.[Medline]

Blasi, J., Chapman, E. R., Yamasaki, S., Binz, T., Niemann, H. and Jahn, R (1993). Botulinum neurotoxin C1 blocks neurotransmitter release by means of cleaving HPC-1/syntaxin. EMBO J 12, 4821-4828.[Medline]

Brain, K. L., Cottee, L. J. and Bennett, M. R (1997). Varicosities of single sympathetic-nerve terminals possess syntaxin zones and different synaptotagmin N terminus labeling following stimulation. J. Neurocytol 26, 491-500.[Medline]

Daniels-Holgate, P. U. and Dolly, J. O (1996). Productive and non-productive binding of botulinum neurotoxin A to motor nerve endings are distinguished by its heavy chain. J. Neurosci. Res 44, 263-271.[Medline]

Dreyer, F. and Schmitt, A (1981). Different effects of botulinum A toxin and tetanus toxin on the transmitter releasing process at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. Neurosci. Lett 26, 307-311.[Medline]

Edelmann, L., Hanson, P. I., Chapman, E. R. and Jahn, R (1995). Synaptobrevin binding to synaptophysin: a potential mechanism for controlling the exocytotic fusion machine. EMBO J 14, 224-231.[Medline]

Evans, D. M., Williams, R. S., Shone, C. C., Hambleton, P., Melling, J. and Dolly, J. O (1986). Botulinum neurotoxin type B. Its purification, radioiodination and interaction with rat-brain synaptosomal membranes. Eur. J. Biochem 154, 409-416.[Medline]

Fach, P., Gibert, M., Griffais, R., Guillou, J. P. and Popoff, M. R (1995). PCR and gene probe identification of botulinum neurotoxin A-, B-, E-, F-, and G-producing Clostridium spp. and evaluation in food samples. Appl. Env. Microbiol 61, 389-392.[Abstract]

Foran, P., Lawrence, G. W., Shone, C. C., Foster, K. A. and Dolly, J. O (1996). Botulinum neurotoxin C1 cleaves both syntaxin and SNAP-25 inintact and permeabilized chromaffin cells: correlation with its blockade of catecholamine release. Biochemistry 35, 2630-2636.[Medline]

Gallione, C. J. and Rose, J. K (1985). A single amino acid substitution in a hydrophobic domain causes temperature-sensitive cell-surface transport of a mutant viral glycoprotein. J. Virol 54, 374-382.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Garcia, E. P., McPherson, P. S., Chilcote, T. J., Takei, K. and De Camilli, P (1995). rbSec1A and B colocalize with syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25 throughout the axon, but are not in a stable complex with syntaxin. J. Cell Biol 129, 105-120.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Guan, K. L. and Dixon, J. E (1991). Eukaryotic proteins expressed in Escherichia coli : an improved thrombin cleavage and purification procedure of fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase. Anal. Biochem 192, 262-267.[Medline]

Habermann, E. and Dreyer, F (1986). Clostridial neurotoxins: handling and action at the cellular and molecular level. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 129, 93-179.[Medline]

Halpern, J. L., Habig, W. H., Neale, E. A. and Stibitz, S (1990). Cloning and expression of functional fragment C of tetanus toxin. Infect. Immun 58, 1004-1009.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Halpern, J. L. and Loftus, A (1993). Characterization of the receptor-binding domain of tetanus toxin. J. Biol. Chem 268, 11188-11192.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Halpern, J. L. and Neale, E. A (1995). Neurospecific binding, internalization, and retrograde axonal transport. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 195, 221-241.[Medline]

Hanson, P. I., Heuser, J. E. and Jahn, R (1997). Neurotransmitter release. Four years of SNARE complexes. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol 7, 310-315.[Medline]

Hay, J. C. and Scheller, R. H (1997). SNAREs and NSF in targeted membrane fusion. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 9, 505-512.[Medline]

Hayashi, T., McMahon, H., Yamasaki, S., Binz, T., Hata, Y., Sudhof, T. C. and Niemann, H (1994). Synaptic vesicle membrane fusion complex: action of clostridial neurotoxins on assembly. EMBO J 13, 5051-5061.[Medline]

Hayashi, T., Yamasaki, S., Nauenburg, S., Binz, T. and Niemann, H (1995). Disassembly of the reconstituted synaptic vesicle membrane fusion complex in vitro. EMBO J 14, 2317-2325.[Medline]

Kaelin, W. G. Jr, Krek, W., Sellers, W. R., DeCaprio, J. A., Ajchenbaum, F., Fuchs, C. S., Chittenden, T., Li, Y., Farnham, P. J., Blanar, M. A. et al (1992). Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a retinoblastoma-binding protein with E2F-like properties. Cell 70, 351-364.[Medline]

Lacy, D. B., Tepp, W., Cohen, A. C., DasGupta, B. R. and Stevens, R. C (1998). Crystal structure of botulinum neuro toxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nature Struct. Biol 5, 898-902.[Medline]

Makoff, A. J., Oxer, M. D., Romanos, M. A., Fairweather, N. F. and Ballantine, S (1989). Expression of tetanus toxin fragment C in E. coli : high level expression by removing rare codons. Nucl. Acids Res 17, 10191-10202.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Matteoli, M., Takei, K., Perin, M. S., Sudhof, T. C. and De Camilli, P (1992). Exo-endocytotic recycling of synaptic vesicles in developing processes of cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Cell Biol 117, 849-861.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Matteoli, M., Verderio, C., Rossetto, O., Iezzi, N., Coco, S., Schiavo, G. and Montecucco, M (1996). Synaptic vesicles endocytosis mediates the entry of tetanus neurotoxin into hippocampal neuron. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13310-13315.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Minton, N. P (1995). Molecular genetics of clostridial neurotoxins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 195, 161-194.[Medline]

Montecucco, C (1986). How do tetanus and botulinum toxins bind to neuronal membranes?. Trends Biochem. Sci 11, 315-317.

Montecucco, C. and Schiavo, G (1993). Tetanus and botulism neurotoxins: a new group of zinc proteases. Trends Biochem. Sci 18, 324-327.[Medline]

Niman, H. L., Houghten, R. A., Walker, L. E., Reisfeld, R. A., Wilson, I. A., Hogle, J. M. and Lerner, R. A (1983). Generation of protein-reactive antibodies by short peptides is an event of high frequency: implications for the structural basis of immune recognition. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 4949-4953.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Nishiki, T., Kamata, Y., Nemoto, Y., Omori, A., Ito, T., Takahashi, M. and Kozaki, S (1994). Identification of protein receptor for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes. J. Biol. Chem 269, 10498-10503.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Nishiki, T., Tokuyama, Y., Kamata, Y., Nemoto, Y., Yoshida, A., Sato, K.,Sekiguchi, M., Takahashi, M. and Kozaki, S (1996). The high-affinity binding of Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin to synaptotagmin II associated with gangliosides GT1b/GD1a. FEBS Lett 378, 253-257.[Medline]

Nishiki, T., Tokuyama, Y., Kamata, Y., Nemoto, Y., Yoshida, A., Sekiguchi, M., Takahashi, M. and Kozaki, S (1996). Binding of botulinum type B neurotoxin to Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with rat synaptotagmin II cDNA. Neurosci. Lett 208, 105-108.[Medline]

Osen Sand, A., Catsicas, M., Staple, J. K., Jones, K. A., Ayala, G., Knowles, J., Grenningloh, G. and Catsicas, S (1993). Inhibition of axonal growth by SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotides in vitro and in vivo. Nature 364, 445-448.[Medline]

Osen Sand, A., Staple, J. K., Naldi, E., Schiavo, G., Rossetto, O., Petitpierre, S., Malgaroli, A., Montecucco, C. and Catsicas, S (1996). Common and distinct fusion proteins in axonal growth and transmitter release. J. Comp. Neurol 367, 222-234.[Medline]

Ransom, B. R., Neale, E., Henkart, M., Bullock, P. N. and Nelson, P. G (1977). Mouse spinal cord in cell colture. I. Morphology and intrinsic neuronal electrophysiological properties. J. Neurophysiol 40, 1132-1150.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Robinson, L. J. and Martin, T. F. J (1998). Docking and fusion in neurosecretion. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 10, 483-492.[Medline]

Rossetto, O., Schiavo, G., Polverino de Laureto, P., Fabbiani, S. and Montecucco, C (1992). Surface topography of histidine residues of tetanus toxin probed by immobilized-metal-ion affinity chromatography. Biochem. J 285, 9-12.

Schengrund, C.-L., DasGupta, B. R. and Ringler, N. J (1991). Binding of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins to ganglioside GT1b and derivatives thereof. J. Neurochem 57, 1024-1032.[Medline]

Schiavo, G., Benfenati, F., Poulain, B., Rossetto, O., Polverino de Laureto, P., DasGupta, B. R. and Montecucco, C (1992). Tetanus and botulinum B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 359, 832-835.[Medline]

Schiavo, G., Rossetto, O., Catsicas, S., Polverino de Laureto, P., DasGupta, B. R., Benfenati, F. and Montecucco, C (1993). Identification of the nerve terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E. J. Biol. Chem 268, 23784-23787.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Schiavo, G., Santucci, A., Dasgupta, B. R., Mehta, P. P., Jontes, J., Benfenati, F., Wilson, M. C. and Montecucco, C (1993). Botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal peptide bonds. FEBS Lett 335, 99-103.[Medline]

Schiavo, G., Shone, C. C., Rossetto, O., Alexander, F. C. and Montecucco, C (1993). Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin. J. Biol. Chem 268, 11516-11519.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Schiavo, G., Malizio, C., Trimble, W. S., Polverino de Laureto, P., Milan, G., Sugiyama, H., Johnson, E. A. and Montecucco, C (1994). Botulinum G neurotoxin cleaves VAMP/synaptobrevin at a single Ala-Ala peptide bond. J. Biol. Chem 269, 20213-20216.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Schiavo, G. and Montecucco, C (1995). Tetanus and botulism neurotoxins: isolation and assay. Meth. Enzymol 248, 643-652.[Medline]

Schiavo, G., Shone, C. C., Bennett, M. K., Scheller, R. H. and Montecucco, C (1995). Botulinum neurotoxin type C cleaves a single Lys-Ala bond within the carboxyl-terminal region of syntaxins. J. Biol. Chem 270, 10566-10570.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Schiavo, G., Osborne, S. L. and Sgouros, J. G (1998). Synaptotagmins: more isoforms than functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 248, 1-8.[Medline]

Schmitt, A., Dreyer, F. and John, C (1981). At least three sequential steps are involved in the tetanus toxin-induced block of neuromuscular transmission. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol 317, 326-330.[Medline]

Sharp, P. M. and Li, W. H (1986). Codon usage in regulatory genes in Escherichia coli does not reflect selection for \324rare' codons. Nucl. Acids Res 14, 7737-7749.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Simpson, L. L (1980). Kinetic studies on the interaction between botulinum toxin type A and the cholinergic neuromuscular junction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 212, 16-21.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Simpson, L. L (1984). The binding fragment from tetanus toxin antagonizes the neuromuscular blocking actions of botulinum toxin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 229, 182-187.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Simpson, L. L (1984). Fragment C of tetanus toxin antagonizes the neuromuscular blocking properties of native tetanus toxin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 228, 600-604.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Simpson, L. L (1985). Pharmacological experiments on the binding and internalization of the 50,000 dalton carboxy terminus of tetanus toxin at the cholinergic neuromuscular junction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 234, 100-105.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Soldati, T. and Perriard, J.-C (1991). Intracompartimental sorting of essential myosin light chains: molecular dissection and in vivo monitoring by epitope tagging. Cell 66, 277-289.[Medline]

S\232llner, T., Whiteheart, S. W., Brunner, M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Geromanos, S., Tempst, P. and Rothman, J. E (1993). SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion. Nature 362, 318-324.[Medline]

Sutton, R. B., Fasshauer, D., Jahn, R. and Brunger, A. T (1998). Crystal-structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 angstrom resolution. Nature 395, 347-353.[Medline]

Thomas, C. L., Steel, J., Prestwich, G. D. and Schiavo, G (1999). Generation of phosphatidylinositol-specific antibodies and their characterisation. Biochem. Soc. Transact 27, 32-36.

Umland, T. C., Wingert, L. M., Swaminathan, S., Furey, W. F., Schmidt, J. J. and Sax, M (1997). Structure of the receptor binding fragment Hc of tetanus toxin. Nature Struct. Biol 4, 788-792.[Medline]

Vaidyanathan, V. V., Yoshino, K., Jahnz, M., Dorries, C., Bade, S., Nauenburg, S., Niemann, H. and Binz, T (1999). Proteolysis of SNAP-25 isoforms by botulinum neurotoxin types A, C, and E: Domains and amino acid residues controlling the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and cleavage. J. Neurochem 72, 327-337.[Medline]

Weber, T., Zemelman, B. V., McNew, J. A., Westermann, B., Gmachl, M. J., Parlati, F., S\232llner, T. H. and Rothman, J. E (1998). SNAREpins: minimal machinery for membrane fusion. Cell 92, 759-772.[Medline]

Whelan, S. M., Elmore, M. J., Bodsworth, N. J., Atkinson, T. and Minton, N. P (1992). The complete amino acid sequence of the Clostridium botulinum type E neurotoxin deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis of the encoding gene. Eur. J. Biochem 204, 657-667.[Medline]

Williamson, L. C., Halpern, J. L., Montecucco, C., Brown, J. E. and Neale, E. A (1996). Clostridial neurotoxins and substrate proteolysis in intact neurons: botulinum neurotoxin C acts on synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa. J. Biol. Chem 271, 7694-7699.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Wohlfarth, K., Goschel, H., Frevert, J., Dengler, R. and Bigalke, H (1997). Botulinum A toxins: units versus units. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol 355, 335-340.[Medline]

Yamasaki, S., Baumeister, A., Binz, T., Blasi, J., Link, E., Cornille, F., Roques, B., Fykse, E. M., Sudhof, T. C., Jahn, R. et al (1994). Cleavage of members of the synaptobrevin/VAMP family by types D and F botulinal neurotoxins and tetanus toxin. J. Biol. Chem 269, 12764-12772.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Yamasaki, S., Binz, T., Hayashi, T., Szabo, E., Yamasaki, N., Eklund, M., Jahn, R. and Niemann, H (1994). Botulinum neurotoxin type G proteolyses the Ala81-Ala82 bond of rat synaptobrevin 2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 200, 829-835.[Medline]

Yamasaki, S., Hu, Y., Binz, T., Kalkuhl, A., Kurazono, H., Tamura, T., Jahn, R., Kandel, E. and Niemann, H (1994). Synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) of Aplysia californica : structure and proteolysis by tetanus toxin and botulinal neurotoxins type D and F. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4688-4692.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

A. Granata, R. Watson, L. M. Collinson, G. Schiavo, and T. T. Warner
The Dystonia-associated Protein TorsinA Modulates Synaptic Vesicle Recycling
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2008; 283(12): 7568 - 7579.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. M. Eubanks, M. S. Hixon, W. Jin, S. Hong, C. M. Clancy, W. H. Tepp, M. R. Baldwin, C. J. Malizio, M. C. Goodnough, J. T. Barbieri, et al.
An in vitro and in vivo disconnect uncovered through high-throughput identification of botulinum neurotoxin A antagonists
PNAS, February 20, 2007; 104(8): 2602 - 2607.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Bracale, F. Cesca, V. E. Neubrand, T. P. Newsome, M. Way, and G. Schiavo
Kidins220/ARMS Is Transported by a Kinesin-1-based Mechanism Likely to be Involved in Neuronal Differentiation
Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2007; 18(1): 142 - 152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. Qazi, D. Sesardic, R. Tierney, Z. Soderback, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, and N. Fairweather
Reduction of the Ganglioside Binding Activity of the Tetanus Toxin HC Fragment Destroys Immunogenicity: Implications for Development of Novel Tetanus Vaccines.
Infect. Immun., August 1, 2006; 74(8): 4884 - 4891.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Bohnert and G. Schiavo
Tetanus Toxin Is Transported in a Novel Neuronal Compartment Characterized by a Specialized pH Regulation
J. Biol. Chem., December 23, 2005; 280(51): 42336 - 42344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. R. Ahsan, G. Hajnoczky, A. B. Maksymowych, and L. L. Simpson
Visualization of Binding and Transcytosis of Botulinum Toxin by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1028 - 1035.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. B. Maksymowych and L. L. Simpson
Structural Features of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Molecule That Govern Binding and Transcytosis across Polarized Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2004; 310(2): 633 - 641.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Lalli, S. Gschmeissner, and G. Schiavo
Myosin Va and microtubule-based motors are required for fast axonal retrograde transport of tetanus toxin in motor neurons
J. Cell Sci., November 15, 2003; 116(22): 4639 - 4650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. A. MASELLI, W. BOOKS, and V. DUNNE
Effect of Inherited Abnormalities of Calcium Regulation on Human Neuromuscular Transmission
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., September 1, 2003; 998(1): 18 - 28.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J.-B. Park and L. L. Simpson
Inhalational Poisoning by Botulinum Toxin and Inhalation Vaccination with Its Heavy-Chain Component
Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1147 - 1154.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. C. Yowler, R. D. Kensinger, and C.-L. Schengrund
Botulinum Neurotoxin A Activity Is Dependent upon the Presence of Specific Gangliosides in Neuroblastoma Cells Expressing Synaptotagmin I
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 32815 - 32819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Herreros, T. Ng, and G. Schiavo
Lipid Rafts Act as Specialized Domains for Tetanus Toxin Binding and Internalization into Neurons
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 2947 - 2960.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Schiavo, M. Matteoli, and C. Montecucco
Neurotoxins Affecting Neuroexocytosis
Physiol Rev, April 1, 2000; 80(2): 717 - 766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Fotinou, P. Emsley, I. Black, H. Ando, H. Ishida, M. Kiso, K. A. Sinha, N. F. Fairweather, and N. W. Isaacs
The Crystal Structure of Tetanus Toxin Hc Fragment Complexed with a Synthetic GT1b Analogue Suggests Cross-linking between Ganglioside Receptors and the Toxin
J. Biol. Chem., August 17, 2001; 276(34): 32274 - 32281.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Li, P. Foran, G. Lawrence, N. Mohammed, C.-K.-N. Chan-Kwo-Chion, G. Lisk, R. Aoki, and O. Dolly
Recombinant Forms of Tetanus Toxin Engineered for Examining and Exploiting Neuronal Trafficking Pathways
J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(33): 31394 - 31401.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Lalli and G. Schiavo
Analysis of retrograde transport in motor neurons reveals common endocytic carriers for tetanus toxin and neurotrophin receptor p75NTR
J. Cell Biol., January 21, 2002; 156(2): 233 - 240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article

Summary

Full Text (PDF)

Alert me when this article is cited

Alert me if a correction is posted

Services

Email this article to a friend

Similar articles in this journal

Similar articles in PubMed

Alert me to new issues of the journal

Download to citation manager

Citing Articles

Citing Articles via HighWire

Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

Articles by Lalli, G.

Articles by Schiavo, G.

Search for Related Content

PubMed

PubMed Citation

Articles by Lalli, G.

Articles by Schiavo, G.

				L. M. Eubanks, M. S. Hixon, W. Jin, S. Hong, C. M. Clancy, W. H. Tepp, M. R. Baldwin, C. J. Malizio, M. C. Goodnough, J. T. Barbieri, et al. An in vitro and in vivo disconnect uncovered through high-throughput identification of botulinum neurotoxin A antagonists PNAS, February 20, 2007; 104(8): 2602 - 2607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bracale, F. Cesca, V. E. Neubrand, T. P. Newsome, M. Way, and G. Schiavo Kidins220/ARMS Is Transported by a Kinesin-1-based Mechanism Likely to be Involved in Neuronal Differentiation Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2007; 18(1): 142 - 152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Qazi, D. Sesardic, R. Tierney, Z. Soderback, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, and N. Fairweather Reduction of the Ganglioside Binding Activity of the Tetanus Toxin HC Fragment Destroys Immunogenicity: Implications for Development of Novel Tetanus Vaccines. Infect. Immun., August 1, 2006; 74(8): 4884 - 4891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Bohnert and G. Schiavo Tetanus Toxin Is Transported in a Novel Neuronal Compartment Characterized by a Specialized pH Regulation J. Biol. Chem., December 23, 2005; 280(51): 42336 - 42344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Ahsan, G. Hajnoczky, A. B. Maksymowych, and L. L. Simpson Visualization of Binding and Transcytosis of Botulinum Toxin by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1028 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. B. Maksymowych and L. L. Simpson Structural Features of the Botulinum Neurotoxin Molecule That Govern Binding and Transcytosis across Polarized Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2004; 310(2): 633 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Lalli, S. Gschmeissner, and G. Schiavo Myosin Va and microtubule-based motors are required for fast axonal retrograde transport of tetanus toxin in motor neurons J. Cell Sci., November 15, 2003; 116(22): 4639 - 4650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. MASELLI, W. BOOKS, and V. DUNNE Effect of Inherited Abnormalities of Calcium Regulation on Human Neuromuscular Transmission Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., September 1, 2003; 998(1): 18 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-B. Park and L. L. Simpson Inhalational Poisoning by Botulinum Toxin and Inhalation Vaccination with Its Heavy-Chain Component Infect. Immun., March 1, 2003; 71(3): 1147 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. C. Yowler, R. D. Kensinger, and C.-L. Schengrund Botulinum Neurotoxin A Activity Is Dependent upon the Presence of Specific Gangliosides in Neuroblastoma Cells Expressing Synaptotagmin I J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 32815 - 32819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Herreros, T. Ng, and G. Schiavo Lipid Rafts Act as Specialized Domains for Tetanus Toxin Binding and Internalization into Neurons Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 2947 - 2960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Schiavo, M. Matteoli, and C. Montecucco Neurotoxins Affecting Neuroexocytosis Physiol Rev, April 1, 2000; 80(2): 717 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Fotinou, P. Emsley, I. Black, H. Ando, H. Ishida, M. Kiso, K. A. Sinha, N. F. Fairweather, and N. W. Isaacs The Crystal Structure of Tetanus Toxin Hc Fragment Complexed with a Synthetic GT1b Analogue Suggests Cross-linking between Ganglioside Receptors and the Toxin J. Biol. Chem., August 17, 2001; 276(34): 32274 - 32281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Li, P. Foran, G. Lawrence, N. Mohammed, C.-K.-N. Chan-Kwo-Chion, G. Lisk, R. Aoki, and O. Dolly Recombinant Forms of Tetanus Toxin Engineered for Examining and Exploiting Neuronal Trafficking Pathways J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(33): 31394 - 31401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Lalli and G. Schiavo Analysis of retrograde transport in motor neurons reveals common endocytic carriers for tetanus toxin and neurotrophin receptor p75NTR J. Cell Biol., January 21, 2002; 156(2): 233 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]