Advertisement
Commentaries
Polarization of cell growth in yeast. I. Establishment and maintenance of polarity states
D. Pruyne, A. Bretscher
Journal of Cell Science 2000 113: 365-375;

Summary

The ability to polarize is a fundamental property of cells. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a fertile ground for dissecting the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell polarity during growth. Here we discuss the signaling pathways that regulate polarity. In the second installment of this two-part commentary, which appears in the next issue of Journal of Cell Science, we discuss how the actin cytoskeleton responds to these signals and guides the polarity of essentially all events in the yeast cell cycle. During the cell cycle, yeast cells assume alternative states of polarized growth, which range from tightly focused apical growth to non-focused isotropic growth. RhoGTPases, and in particular Cdc42p, are essential to guiding this polarity. The distribution of Cdc42p at the cell cortex establishes cell polarity. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase, Ras, and heterotrimeric G proteins all modulate yeast cell polarity in part by altering the distribution of Cdc42p. In turn, Cdc42p generates feedback signals to these molecules in order to establish stable polarity states and coordinate cytoskeletal organization with the cell cycle. Given that many of these signaling pathways are present in both fungi and animals, they are probably ancient and conserved mechanisms for regulating polarity.

REFERENCES

    1. Ahn, S. H.,
    2. Acurio, A. and
    3. Kron, S.
    (1999). Regulation of G2/M progression by the STE mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in budding yeast filamentous growth. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 3301–3316
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Altman, R. and
    2. Kellogg, D.
    (1997). Control of mitotic events by Nap1 and the Gin4 kinase. J. Cell Biol 138, 119–130
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Amberg, D.,
    2. Zahner, J.,
    3. Mulholland, J.,
    4. Pringle, J. and
    5. Botstein, D.
    (1997). Aip3p/Bud6p, a yeast actin-interacting protein that is involved in morphogenesis and the selection of bipolar budding sites. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 729–753
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Amberg, D.
    (1998). Three-dimensional imaging of the yeast actin cytoskeleton through the budding cycle. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 3259–3262
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Arkowitz, R. and
    2. Lowe, N.
    (1997). A small conserved domain in the yeast Spa2p is necessary and sufficient for its polarized localization. J. Cell Biol 138, 17–36
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ayscough, K.,
    2. Stryker, J.,
    3. Pokala, N.,
    4. Sanders, M.,
    5. Crews, P. and
    6. Drubin, D.
    (1997). High rates of actin turnover in budding yeast and roles for actin in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity revealed using the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A. J. Cell Biol 137, 399–416
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ayscough, K. and
    2. Drubin, D.
    (1998). A role for the yeast actin cytoskeleton in pheromone receptor clustering and signaling. Curr. Biol 8, 927–930
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Ayscough, K.,
    2. Eby, J.,
    3. Lila, T.,
    4. Dewar, H.,
    5. Kozminski, K. and
    6. Drubin, D.
    (1999). Sla1p is a functionally modular component of the yeast cortical actin cytoskeleton required for correct localization of both Rho1p-GTPase and Sla2p, a protein with talin homology. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 1061–1075
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Barral, Y.,
    2. Macarena, P.,
    3. Bidlingmaier, S. and
    4. Snyder, M.
    (1999). Nim1-related kinases coordinate cell cycle progression with the organization of the peripheral cytoskeleton in yeast. Genes Dev 13, 176–187
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Beach, D.,
    2. Salmon, E. and
    3. Bloom, K.
    (1999). Localization and anchoring of mRNA in budding yeast. Curr. Biol 9, 569–578
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Bender, L.,
    2. Shuen Lo, H.,
    3. Lee, H.,
    4. Kokojan, V.,
    5. Peterson, J. and
    6. Bender, A.
    (1996). Associations among PH and SH3 domain-containing proteins and Rho-type GTPases in yeast. J. Cell Biol 133, 879–894
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Benton, B.,
    2. Tinkelenberg, A.,
    3. Gonzalez, I. and
    4. Cross, F.
    (1997). Cla4p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc42p-activated kinase involved in cytokinesis, is activated at mitosis. Mol. Cell. Biol 17, 5067–5076
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Bickle, M.,
    2. Delley, P. A.,
    3. Schmidt, A. and
    4. Hall, M.
    (1998). Cell wall integrity modulates RHO1 activity via exchange factor ROM2. EMBO J 17, 2235–2245
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Bobola, N.,
    2. Jansen, R. P.,
    3. Shin, T. and
    4. Nasmyth, K.
    (1996). Asymmetric accumulation of Ash1p in postanaphase nuclei depends on a myosin and restricts yeast mating-type switching to mother cells. Cell 84, 699–709
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Bretscher, A.,
    2. Drees, B.,
    3. Harsay, E.,
    4. Schott, D. and
    5. Wang, T.
    (1994). What are the basic functions of microfilaments? Insights from studies in budding yeast. J. Cell Biol 126, 821–825
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Brown, J.,
    2. Jaquenoud, M.,
    3. Gulli, M. P.,
    4. Chant, J. and
    5. Peter, M.
    (1997). Novel Cdc42-binding proteins Gic1 and Gic2 control cell polarity in yeast. Genes Dev 11, 2972–2982
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Butty, A. C.,
    2. Pryciak, P.,
    3. Huang, L.,
    4. Herskowitz, I. and
    5. Peter, M.
    (1998). The role of Far1p in linking the heterotrimeric G protein to polarity establishment proteins during yeast mating. Science 282, 1511–1516
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Cabib, E.,
    2. Drgonová, J. and
    3. Drgon, T.
    (1998). Role of small G proteins in yeast cell polarization and wall biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem 67, 307–333
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Carroll, C.,
    2. Altman, R.,
    3. Schirltz, D.,
    4. Yates, J. III. and
    5. Kellogg, D.
    (1998). The septins are required for the mitosis-specific activation of the Gin4 kinase. J. Cell Biol 143, 709–717
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Catlett, N. and
    2. Weisman, L.
    (1998). The terminal tail region of a yeast myosin-V mediates its attachment to vacuole membranes and sites of polarized growth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14799–14804
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Chant, J.
    (1999). Cell Polarity in yeast. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol 15, 365–391
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Chen, G. C.,
    2. Kim, Y. J. and
    3. Chan, C.
    (1997). The Cdc42 GTPase-associated proteins Gic1 and Gic2 are required for polarized cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev 11, 2958–2971
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Chenevert, J.,
    2. Corrado, K.,
    3. Bender, A.,
    4. Pringle, J. and
    5. Herskowitz, I.
    (1992). A yeast gene (BEM1) necessary for cell polarization whose product contains two SH3 domains. Nature 356, 77–79
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Chenevert, J.,
    2. Valtz, N. and
    3. Herskowitz, I.
    (1994). Identification of genes required for normal pheromone-induced cell polarization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 136, 1287–1297
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Cho, R.,
    2. Campbell, M.,
    3. Winzeler, E.,
    4. Steinmetz, L.,
    5. Conway, A.,
    6. Wodicka, L.,
    7. Wolfsberg, T.,
    8. Gabrielian, A.,
    9. Landsman, D.,
    10. Lockhart, D. and
    11. Davis, R.
    (1998). A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the mitotic cell cycle. Mol. Cell 2, 65–73
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Cook, J.,
    2. Bardwell, L. and
    3. Thorner, J.
    (1997). Inhibitory and activating functions for MAPK Kss1 in the S. cerevisiae filamentous-growth signaling pathway. Nature 390, 85–88
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Cvrcková, F.,
    2. De Virgilio, C.,
    3. Manser, E.,
    4. Pringle, J. and
    5. Nasmyth, K.
    (1995). Ste20-like protein kinases are required for normal localization of cell growth and for cytokinesis in budding yeast. Genes Dev 9, 1817–1830
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Davis, C.,
    2. Richman, T.,
    3. Deliduka, S.,
    4. Blaisdell, J.,
    5. Collins, C. and
    6. Johnson, D.
    (1998). Analysis of the mechanisms of action of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominant lethal cdc42 G12Vand dominant negative cdc42 D118Amutations. J. Biol. Chem 273, 849–858
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. DeMarini, D.,
    2. Adams, A.,
    3. Fares, H.,
    4. De Virgilio, C.,
    5. Valle, G.,
    6. Chuang, J. and
    7. Pringle, J.
    (1997). A septin-based hierarchy of proteins required for localized deposition of chitin in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Cell Biol 139, 75–93
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Desrevieres, S.,
    2. Cooke, F.,
    3. Parker, P. and
    4. Hall, M.
    (1998). MSS4, a phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase required for organization of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem 273, 15787–15793
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Drgonová, J.,
    2. Drgon, T.,
    3. Roh, D. H. and
    4. Cabib, E.
    (1999). The GTP-binding protein Rho1p is required for cell cycle progression and polarization of the yeast cell. J. Cell Biol 146, 373–387
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Drubin, D. and
    2. Nelson, W. J.
    (1996). Origins of cell polarity. Cell 84, 335–344
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Eby, J.,
    2. Holly, S.,
    3. van Drogan, F.,
    4. Grishin, A.,
    5. Peter, M.,
    6. Drubin, D. and
    7. Blumer, K.
    (1998). Actin cytoskeleton organization regulated by the PAK family of protein kinases. Curr. Biol 8, 967–970
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Edgington, N.,
    2. Blacketer, M.,
    3. Bierwagen, T. and
    4. Myers, A.
    (1999). Control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae filamentous growth by cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. Mol. Cell. Biol 19, 1396–1380
    OpenUrl
    1. Espinet, C.,
    2. de la Torre, M.,
    3. Aldea, M. and
    4. Herrero, E.
    (1995). An efficient method to isolate yeast genes causing overexpression-mediated growth arrest. Yeast 11, 25–32
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Evangelista, M.,
    2. Blundell, K.,
    3. Longtine, M.,
    4. Chow, C.,
    5. Adames, N.,
    6. Pringle, J.,
    7. Peter, M. and
    8. Boone, C.
    (1997). Bni1p, a yeast formin linking Cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis. Science 276, 118–121
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Field, C.,
    2. Li, R. and
    3. Oegema, K.
    (1999). Cytokinesis in eukaryotes: a mechanistic comparison. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 11, 68–80
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Finger, F. and
    2. Novick, P.
    (1998). Spatial regulation of exocytosis: lessons from yeast. J. Cell Biol 142, 609–612
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Fujita, A.,
    2. Tonouchi, A.,
    3. Hiroko, T.,
    4. Inose, F.,
    5. Nagashima, T.,
    6. Satoh, R. and
    7. Tanaka, S.
    (1999). Hsl7p, a negative regulator of Ste20p protein kinase in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae filamentous growth-signaling pathway. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 8522–8527
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Gehrung, S. and
    2. Snyder, M.
    (1990). The SPA2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for pheromone-induced morphogenesis and efficient mating. J. Cell Biol 111, 1451–1464
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Geli, M. I. and
    2. Riezman, H.
    (1996). Role of type I myosins in receptor-mediated endocytosis in yeast. Science 272, 533–535
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Goodson, H.,
    2. Anderson, B.,
    3. Warrick, H.,
    4. Pon, L. and
    5. Spudich, J.
    (1996). Synthetic lethality screen identifies a novel yeast myosin I gene (MYO5): myosin I proteins are required for polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol 133, 1277–1291
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Gray, J.,
    2. Ogas, J.,
    3. Kamada, Y.,
    4. Stone, M.,
    5. Levin, D. and
    6. Herskowitz, I.
    (1997). A role for the Pkc1 MAP kinase pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bud emergence and identification of a putative upstream regulator. EMBO J 16, 4924–4937
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Hartwell, L.
    (1971). Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis. Exp. Cell Res 69, 265–276
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Hartwell, L.,
    2. Culotti, J.,
    3. Pringle, J. and
    4. Reid, B.
    (1974). Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. Science 183, 46–51
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Helliwell, S.,
    2. Schmidt, A.,
    3. Ohya, Y. and
    4. Hall, M.
    (1998). The Rho1 effector Pkc1, but not Bni1, mediates signaling from Tor2 to the actin cytoskeleton. Curr. Biol 8, 1211–1214
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Herskowitz, I.
    (1995). MAPK pathways in yeast: for mating and more. Cell 80, 187–197
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Imai, J.,
    2. Toh-e, A. and
    3. Matsui, Y.
    (1996). Genetic analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RHO3 gene, encoding a Rho-type small GTPase, provides evidence for a role in bud formation. Genetics 142, 359–369
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Imamura, H.,
    2. Tanaka, K.,
    3. Hihara, T.,
    4. Umikawa, M.,
    5. Kamei, T.,
    6. Takahashi, K.,
    7. Sasaki, T. and
    8. Takai, Y.
    (1997). Bni1p and Bnr1p: downstream targets of the Rho family small G-proteins which interact with profilin and regulate actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 16, 2745–2755
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Jacoby, J.,
    2. Nilius, S. and
    3. Heinisch, J.
    (1998). A screen for upstream components of the yeast protein kinase C signal transduction pathway identifies the product of the SLG1 gene. Mol. Gen. Genet 258, 148–155
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Jansen, R. P.,
    2. Dowzer, C.,
    3. Michaelis, C.,
    4. Galova, M. and
    5. Nasmyth, K.
    (1996). Mother cell-specific HO expression in budding yeast depends on the unconventional myosin Myo4p and other cytoplasmic proteins. Cell 84, 687–697
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Kagami, M.,
    2. Toh-e, A. and
    3. Matsui, Y.
    (1997). SRO9, a multicopy suppressor of the bud growth defect in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rho3 -deficient cells, shows strong genetic interactions with tropomyosin genes, suggesting its role in organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Genetics 147, 1003–1016
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ketela, T.,
    2. Green, R. and
    3. Bussey, H.
    (1999). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mid2p is a potential cell wall stress sensor and upstream activator of the PKC1-MPK1 cell integrity pathway. J. Bacteriol 181, 3330–3340
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Koch, G.,
    2. Tanaka, K.,
    3. Masuda, T.,
    4. Yamochi, W.,
    5. Nonaka, H. and
    6. Takai, Y.
    (1997). Association of the Rho family small GTP-binding proteins with Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rho GDI) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oncogene 15, 417–422
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Kron, S. and
    2. Gow, N.
    (1995). Budding yeast morphogenesis: signaling, cytoskeleton and cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 7, 845–855
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Leberer, E.,
    2. Wu, C.,
    3. Leeuw, T.,
    4. Fourest-Lieuvin, A.,
    5. Segall, J. and
    6. Thomas, D.
    (1997). Functional characterization of the Cdc42p binding domain of yeast Ste20p protein kinase. EMBO J 16, 83–97
    OpenUrlAbstract
    1. Leeuw, T.,
    2. Fourest-Lieuvin, A.,
    3. Wu, C.,
    4. Chenevert, J.,
    5. Clark, K.,
    6. Whiteway, M.,
    7. Thomas, D. and
    8. Leberer, E.
    (1995). Pheromone response in yeast: association of Bem1p with proteins of the MAP kinase cascade and actin. Science 270, 1210–1213
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Leeuw, T.,
    2. Wu, C.,
    3. Schrag, J.,
    4. Whiteway, M.,
    5. Thomas, D. and
    6. Leberer, E.
    (1998). Interaction of a G-protein beta-subunit with a conserved sequence in Ste20/PAK family protein kinases. Nature 391, 191–195
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Lew, D. and
    2. Reed, S.
    (1993). Morphogenesis in the yeast cell cycle: regulation by Cdc28 and cyclins. J. Cell Biol 120, 1305–1320
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Liu, H. and
    2. Bretscher, A.
    (1989). Disruption of the single tropomyosin gene in yeast results in the disappearance of actin cables from the cytoskeleton. Cell 57, 233–242
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Lo, W.,
    2. Raitses, E. and
    3. Dranginis, A.
    (1997). Development of pseudohyphae by embedded haploid and diploid yeast. Curr. Genet 32, 197–202
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Longtine, M.,
    2. DeMarini, D.,
    3. Valencik, M.,
    4. Al-Awar, O.,
    5. Fares, H.,
    6. De Virgilio, C. and
    7. Pringle, J.
    (1996). The septins: roles in cytokinesis and other processes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 8, 106–119
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Longtine, M.,
    2. Fares, G. and
    3. Pringle, J.
    (1998). Role of the yeast Gin4pprotein kinase in septin assembly and the relationship between septin assembly and septin function. J. Cell Biol 143, 719–736
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Madaule, P.,
    2. Axel, R. and
    3. Myers, A.
    (1987). Characterization of two members if the rho gene family from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 779–783
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Madhani, H.,
    2. Galitski, T.,
    3. Lander, E. and
    4. Fink, G.
    (1999). Effectors of a developmental mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade revealed by overexpression signatures of signaling mutants. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12530–12535
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Manning, B.,
    2. Padmanabha, R. and
    3. Snyder, M.
    (1997). The Rho-GEF Rom2p localizes to sites of polarized cell growth and participates in cytoskeletal functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 1829–1844
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Matsui, Y.,
    2. Matsui, R.,
    3. Akada, R. and
    4. Toh-e, A.
    (1996). Yeast src homology region 3 domain-binding proteins involved in bud formation. J. Cell Biol 133, 865–878
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Mazzoni, C.,
    2. Zarzov, P.,
    3. Ranbourg, A. and
    4. Mann, C.
    (1993). The SLT2 (MPK1) MAP kinase homolog is involved in polarized cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol 123, 1821–1833
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. McCaffrey, M.,
    2. Johnson, J.,
    3. Goud, B.,
    4. Myers, A.,
    5. Rossier, J.,
    6. Popoff, M.,
    7. Madaule, P. and
    8. Boquet, P.
    (1991). The small GTP-binding protein Rho1p localized on the Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol 115, 309–319
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. McMillan, J.,
    2. Sia, R. and
    3. Lew, D.
    (1998). A morphogenesis checkpoint monitors the actin cytoskeleton in yeast. J. Cell Biol 142, 1487–1499
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. McMillan, J.,
    2. Longtine, M.,
    3. Sia, R.,
    4. Theesfeld, C.,
    5. Bardes, E.,
    6. Pringle, J. and
    7. Lew, D.
    (1999). The morphogenesis checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cell cycle control of Swe1p degradation by Hsl1p and Hsl7p. Mol. Cell. Biol 19, 6929–6939
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Mino, A.,
    2. Tanaka, K.,
    3. Kamei, T.,
    4. Umikawa, M.,
    5. Fuliwara, T. and
    6. Takei, Y.
    (1998). Shs1p: a novel member of septin that interacts with Spa2p, involved in polarized growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 251, 732–736
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Mockrin, S. and
    2. Korn, E.
    (1980). Acanthamœba profilin interacts with G-actin to increase the rate of exchange of actin-bound adenosine 5′-triphosphate. Biochemistry 19, 5359–5362
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Mösch, H. U. and
    2. Fink, G.
    (1997). Dissection of filamentous growth by transposon mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 145, 671–684
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Munchow, S.,
    2. Sauter, C. and
    3. Jansen, R. P.
    (1999). Association of the class V myosin Myo4p with a localized messenger RNA in budding yeast depends on She proteins. J. Cell Sci 112, 1511–1518
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Nern, A. and
    2. Arkowitz, R.
    (1999). A Cdc24p-Far1p-Gprotein complex required for yeast orientation during mating. J. Cell Biol 144, 1187–1202
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Nobes, C. and
    2. Hall, A.
    (1995). Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with stress fiber, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell 81, 53–62
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Oda, Y.,
    2. Huang, K.,
    3. Cross, F.,
    4. Cowburn, D. and
    5. Chait, B.
    (1999). Accurate quantitation of protein expression and site-specific phosphorylation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6591–6596
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Oehlen, L. and
    2. Cross, F.
    (1994). Signal transduction in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol 6, 836–841
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Oehlen, L. and
    2. Cross, F.
    (1998). Potential regulation of Ste20 function by the Cln1-Cdc28 and Cln2-Cdc28 cyclin-dependent protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem 273, 25089–25097
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Paravacini, G.,
    2. Cooper, M.,
    3. Friedli, L.,
    4. Smith, D.,
    5. Carpentier, J.,
    6. Klig, L. and
    7. Payton, M.
    (1992). The osmotic integrity of the yeast cell requires a functional PKC1 gene product. Mol. Cell. Biol 12, 4896–4905
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Park, H. O.,
    2. Sanson, A. and
    3. Herskowitz, I.
    (1999). Localization of Bud2p, a GTPase-activating protein necessary for programming cell polarity in yeast to the presumptive bud site. Genes Dev 13, 1912–1917
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Peter, M.,
    2. Neiman, A.,
    3. Park, H. O.,
    4. van Lohuizen, M. and
    5. Herskowitz, I.
    (1996). Functional analysis of the interaction between the small GTP binding protein Cdc42 and the Ste20 protein kinase in yeast. EMBO J 15, 7046–7059
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Pruyne, D.,
    2. Schott, D. and
    3. Bretscher, A.
    (1998). Tropomyosin-containing actin cables direct the Myo2p-dependent delivery of secretory vesicles in budding yeast. J. Cell Biol 143, 1931–1945
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Pruyne, D. and
    2. Bretscher, A.
    (2000). Polarization of cell growth in yeast. II. The role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Sci 113, 571–585
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Pryciak, P. and
    2. Huntress, F.
    (1998). Membrane recruitment of the kinase scaffold protein Ste5p by the Gcomplex underlies activation of the yeast pheromone response pathway. Genes Dev 12, 2648–2697
    OpenUrl
    1. Rajavel, M.,
    2. Philip, B.,
    3. Buehrer, B.,
    4. Errede, B. and
    5. Levin, D.
    (1999). Mid2 is a putative sensor for cell integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol 19, 3969–3976
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Richman, T.,
    2. Sawyer, M. and
    3. Johnson, D.
    (1999). The Cdc42p GTPase is involved in a G2/M morphogenetic checkpoint regulating the apical-isotropic switch and nuclear division in yeast. J. Biol. Chem 274, 16861–16870
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Robinson, N.,
    2. Gou, L.,
    3. Imai, J.,
    4. Toh-E, A.,
    5. Matsui, Y. and
    6. Tamanoi, F.
    (1999). Rho3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which regulates the actin cytoskeleton and exocytosis, is a GTPase which interacts with Myo2 and Exo70. Mol. Cell. Biol 19, 3580–3587
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Roemer, T.,
    2. Vallier, L.,
    3. Sheu, Y. J. and
    4. Snyder, M.
    (1998). The Spa2-related protein, Sph1p, is important for polarized growth in yeast. J. Cell Sci 111, 479–494
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Schmidt, A.,
    2. Bickle, M.,
    3. Beck, T. and
    4. Hall, M.
    (1997). The yeast phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog TOR2 activates RHO1 and RHO2 via exchange factor ROM2. Cell 88, 531–542
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Schmidt, A. and
    2. Hall, M.
    (1998). Signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol 14, 305–338
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Schott, D.,
    2. Ho, J.,
    3. Pruyne, D. and
    4. Bretscher, A.
    (1999). The COOH-terminal domain of Myo2p, a yeast myosin V, has a direct role in secretory vesicle targeting. J. Cell Biol 147, 791–808
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Segall, J.
    (1993). Polarization of yeast cells in spatial gradients of alpha mating factor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8332–8336
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Sheu, Y. J.,
    2. Santos, B.,
    3. Fortin, N.,
    4. Costigan, C. and
    5. Snyder, M.
    (1998). Spa2p interacts with cell polarity proteins and signaling components involved in yeast cell morphogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol 18, 4035–4069
    OpenUrl
    1. Simon, V.,
    2. Swayne, T. and
    3. Pon, L.
    (1995). Actin-dependent mitochondrial motility in mitotic yeast and cell-free systems: identification of a motor activity on the mitochondrial surface. J. Cell Biol 130, 345–354
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Sloat, B.,
    2. Adams, A. and
    3. Pringle, J.
    (1981). Roles of the CDC24 gene product in cellular morphogenesis during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J. Cell Biol 89, 395–405
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Snyder, M.
    (1989). The SPA2 protein of yeast localizes to sites of cell growth. J. Cell Biol 108, 1419–1429
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Theesfeld, C.,
    2. Irazoqui, J.,
    3. Bloom, L. and
    4. Lew, D.
    (1999). The role of actin in spindle orientation changes during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J. Cell Biol 146, 1019–1032
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Tjandra, H.,
    2. Compton, J. and
    3. Kellogg, D.
    (1998). Control of mitotic events by the Cdc42 GTPase, the Clb2 cyclin and a member of the PAK kinase family. Curr. Biol 8, 991–1000
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Umikawa, M.,
    2. Tanaka, K.,
    3. Shimizu, K.,
    4. Imamura, H.,
    5. Sasaki, T. and
    6. Takai, Y.
    (1998). Interaction of Rho1p target Bni1p with F-actin-binding elongation factor 1alpha: implication in Rho1p-regulated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oncogene 16, 2011–2016
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Valtz, N. and
    2. Herskowitz, I.
    (1996). Pea2 protein of yeast is localized to sites of polarized growth and is required for efficient mating and bipolar budding. J. Cell Biol 135, 725–739
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Verna, J.,
    2. Lodder, A.,
    3. Lee, K.,
    4. Vagts, A. and
    5. Ballester, R.
    (1997). A family of genes required for maintenance of cell wall integrity and for the stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13804–13809
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Vojtek, A. and
    2. Cooper, J.
    (1995). Rho family members: activators of MAP kinase cascades. Cell 82, 527–529
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Wu, C.,
    2. Lytvyn, V.,
    3. Tomas, D. and
    4. Leberer, E.
    (1997). The phosphorylation site for Ste20p-like protein kinases is essential for the function of myosin-I in yeast. J. Biol. Chem 272, 30623–30626
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Wu, C.,
    2. Leeus, T.,
    3. Leberer, E.,
    4. Thomas, D. and
    5. Whiteway, M.
    (1998). Cell cycle-and Cln2p-Cdc28p-dependent phosphorylation of the yeast Ste20p protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem 273, 28107–28115
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Yamochi, W.,
    2. Tanaka, K.,
    3. Nonaka, H.,
    4. Maeda, A.,
    5. Musha, T. and
    6. Takai, Y.
    (1994). Growth site localization of Rho1p small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol 125, 1077–1093
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Zheng, Y.,
    2. Cerione, R. and
    3. Bender, A.
    (1994). Control of the yeast bud-site assembly GTPase Cdc42: catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange by Cdc24 and stimulation of GTPase activity by Bem3. J. Biol. Chem 269, 2369–2372
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Zheng, Y.,
    2. Bender, A. and
    3. Cerione, R.
    (1995). Interactions among proteins involved in bud-site selection and bud-site assembly in Saccharomyves cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem 270, 626–630
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ziman, M.,
    2. O'Brien, J.,
    3. Ouellette, L.,
    4. Church, W. and
    5. Johnson, D.
    (1991). Mutational analysis of CDC42Sc, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene that encodes a putative GTP-binding protein involved in the control of cell polarity. Mol. Cell. Biol 11, 3537–3544
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Ziman, M.,
    2. Preuss, D.,
    3. Mulholland, J.,
    4. O'Brien, J.,
    5. Botstein, D. and
    6. Johnson, D.
    (1993). Subcellular localization of Cdc42p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTP-binding protein involved in the control of cell polarity. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 1307–1316
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Back to top

 Download PDF

Email
Commentaries
Polarization of cell growth in yeast. I. Establishment and maintenance of polarity states
D. Pruyne, A. Bretscher
Journal of Cell Science 2000 113: 365-375;
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
Citation Tools
Alerts

Article navigation

Other journals from The Company of Biologists

Advertisement

2020 at The Company of Biologists

Despite the challenges of 2020, we were able to bring a number of long-term projects and new ventures to fruition. While we look forward to a new year, join us as we reflect on the triumphs of the last 12 months.

Mole – The Corona Files

"This is not going to go away, 'like a miracle.' We have to do magic. And I know we can."

Mole continues to offer his wise words to researchers on how to manage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cell scientist to watch – Christine Faulkner

In an interview, Christine Faulkner talks about where her interest in plant science began, how she found the transition between Australia and the UK, and shares her thoughts on virtual conferences.

Read & Publish participation extends worldwide

“The clear advantages are rapid and efficient exposure and easy access to my article around the world. I believe it is great to have this publishing option in fast-growing fields in biomedical research.”

Dr Jaceques Behmoaras (Imperial College London) shares his experience of publishing Open Access as part of our growing Read & Publish initiative. We now have over 60 institutions in 12 countries taking part – find out more and view our full list of participating institutions.

JCS and COVID-19

For more information on measures Journal of Cell Science is taking to support the community during the COVID-19 pandemic, please see here.

If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hestiate to contact the Editorial Office.