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HYPOTHESIS
Specialization of nuclear membrane in eukaryotes
Yuki Hara
Journal of Cell Science 2020 133: jcs241869 doi: 10.1242/jcs.241869 Published 26 June 2020
Yuki Hara
Evolutionary Cell Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi city 753-8512, Japan
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  • For correspondence: yukihara@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
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    Fig. 1.

    Size scaling of nucleus over cell volume among species, in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. (A) Size scaling of nucleus over cell volume for different cell types (excluding early embryonic development in multicellular organisms). Datasets were categorized into heterotrophic multicellular eukaryotes (blue circles, n=395), phototrophic multicellular eukaryotes (green diamonds, n=75), unicellular eukaryotes (pink triangles, n=112), prokaryotes (orange crosses, n=107) and Parakaryon myojinesis (purple cross, n=1). Datasets are represented as the mean (±s.d.) of each sample and fitted with a power-law regression line in each category. The equation and coefficient of determination (R2) are indicated. (B) Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) volume ratios are not constant among species. N/C volume ratios are plotted against cell volumes. All datasets shown in this figure and of the individual measurement are available in Tables S1 and S2, respectively.

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    Fig. 2.

    Size scaling of nucleus volume over genomic content is only detected in multicellular eukaryotic species. (A) Size scaling of nucleus volume over genomic content for different cell types (excluding during early embryonic development in multicellular organisms). As before, data were categorized into multicellular eukaryotes (blue circles, n=470), unicellular eukaryotes (pink triangles, n=84), and prokaryotes (orange crosses, n=106). Datasets are represented as the mean (±s.d.) of each sample and fitted with a power-law regression line in each category. The equation and coefficient of determination (R2) are indicated. (B) Size scaling of nucleus volume over genomic content in female gametes (a fully-grown oocyte) of multicellular metazoan organisms (blue; n=52), as well as unicellular organisms under normal growth conditions (eukaryotes: pink, n=21; prokaryotes: orange, n=40). Each species with each DNA ploidy is represented by one symbol with error bar (±s.d.). (C) Size scaling of nucleus volume over genomic content for nucleated erythrocytes in metazoan species (n=28). Each color and symbol represent individual species. All datasets are fitted with a power-law regression line. A positive correlation of nucleus volume over genomic content is only detected in interspecies datasets for certain selected cell types, such as female gametes (B) and erythrocytes (C) from multicellular eukaryotes, but not when using interspecies datasets from all measured cell types (A). All datasets in this figure and the individual measurements are available in Tables S1 and S2, respectively.

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    Fig. 3.

    The ratio of genomic content to nuclear volume (GC/NV ratio) reveals tremendous variation, especially when comparing multicellular eukaryotes. (A) DNA density in the nucleus or nucleoid, i.e. the ratio of genomic content to nuclear volume (GC/NV ratio), is plotted against the genomic content for various cell types, excluding during early embryonic development of multicellular organisms (multicellular eukaryotes: n=397; unicellular eukaryotes: n=84; prokaryotes: n=106). Data are represented as the mean (±s.d.) of each sample and were fitted with a power-law regression line in each category. The equation and coefficient of determination (R2) are indicated. All datasets in this figure and individual measurement datasets are available in Tables S1 and S2, respectively. (B) Schematic summarizing the size scaling of nuclei and nucleoids across the tree of life. GC, genome content; NV, nuclear volume; CV, cell volume.

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    Fig. 4.

    Overview of the putative functions of nuclear lamina in higher eukaryotes. The lamina underneath the nuclear membrane, which is generally organized by lamins, has a mechanical stiffness to prevent the deformation of the nuclear membrane (top) and serves as a mechanical transmitter of forces from chromatin inside the nucleus (bottom). The chromatin conformation generates forces to pull or push on the nuclear membrane caused by the physical state of chromatin. When the chromatin organizes heterochromatin or the genome content is reduced, the nuclear membrane that is connected with chromatin is pulled inwards (left), resulting in a small increase in nuclear size. When the chromatin organizes euchromatin (and/or increases the repulsion force) or the genome content increases, the nuclear membrane linked to chromatin is pushed outwards (right), resulting in a large increase in nuclear size.

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Keywords

  • Intracellular size scaling
  • Allometry
  • Nuclear size
  • Cell size
  • Genomic content

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HYPOTHESIS
Specialization of nuclear membrane in eukaryotes
Yuki Hara
Journal of Cell Science 2020 133: jcs241869 doi: 10.1242/jcs.241869 Published 26 June 2020
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HYPOTHESIS
Specialization of nuclear membrane in eukaryotes
Yuki Hara
Journal of Cell Science 2020 133: jcs241869 doi: 10.1242/jcs.241869 Published 26 June 2020

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    • ABSTRACT
    • Introduction
    • Scaling of nuclear volume with cell volume
    • Scaling of nuclear volume with genomic content
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